从SQL Server 2005开始，您可以使用系统视图来实现这一点。例如，这个查询列出了数据库中的所有用户及其权限:

select  princ.name
,       princ.type_desc
,       perm.permission_name
,       perm.state_desc
,       perm.class_desc
,       object_name(perm.major_id)
from    sys.database_principals princ
left join
        sys.database_permissions perm
on      perm.grantee_principal_id = princ.principal_id

请注意，用户也可以通过角色拥有权限。例如，db_data_reader角色授予对大多数对象的选择权限。

非常感谢出色的审计脚本。

我强烈建议审计用户使用很棒的Kenneth Fisher (b | t)存储过程:

sp_DBPermissions sp_SrvPermissions

以下是Jeremy在2011年8月的查询的完整版本，其中包含了Brad(2011年10月)和iw提出的修改建议。kuchin(2012年5月)注册成立:

Brad:正确的模式[ObjectType]和[ObjectName]。 信息战。kuchin:对于[ObjectType]，最好使用obj。type_desc仅用于OBJECT_OR_COLUMN权限类。对于所有其他情况，请使用perm.[class_desc]。 信息战。kuchin:处理IMPERSONATE权限。 信息战。“kuchin”:替换“sys”。Login_token与sys。server_principals，因为它还将显示SQL登录，而不仅仅是Windows登录。 信息战。kuchin:包含Windows组。 信息战。kuchin:排除“sys”和“INFORMATION_SCHEMA”用户。

希望这能为其他人节省一两个小时的生命。：）

/*
Security Audit Report
1) List all access provisioned to a SQL user or Windows user/group directly
2) List all access provisioned to a SQL user or Windows user/group through a database or application role
3) List all access provisioned to the public role

Columns Returned:
UserType        : Value will be either 'SQL User', 'Windows User', or 'Windows Group'.
                  This reflects the type of user/group defined for the SQL Server account.
DatabaseUserName: Name of the associated user as defined in the database user account.  The database user may not be the
                  same as the server user.
LoginName       : SQL or Windows/Active Directory user account.  This could also be an Active Directory group.
Role            : The role name.  This will be null if the associated permissions to the object are defined at directly
                  on the user account, otherwise this will be the name of the role that the user is a member of.
PermissionType  : Type of permissions the user/role has on an object. Examples could include CONNECT, EXECUTE, SELECT
                  DELETE, INSERT, ALTER, CONTROL, TAKE OWNERSHIP, VIEW DEFINITION, etc.
                  This value may not be populated for all roles.  Some built in roles have implicit permission
                  definitions.
PermissionState : Reflects the state of the permission type, examples could include GRANT, DENY, etc.
                  This value may not be populated for all roles.  Some built in roles have implicit permission
                  definitions.
ObjectType      : Type of object the user/role is assigned permissions on.  Examples could include USER_TABLE,
                  SQL_SCALAR_FUNCTION, SQL_INLINE_TABLE_VALUED_FUNCTION, SQL_STORED_PROCEDURE, VIEW, etc.
                  This value may not be populated for all roles.  Some built in roles have implicit permission
                  definitions.
Schema          : Name of the schema the object is in.
ObjectName      : Name of the object that the user/role is assigned permissions on.
                  This value may not be populated for all roles.  Some built in roles have implicit permission
                  definitions.
ColumnName      : Name of the column of the object that the user/role is assigned permissions on. This value
                  is only populated if the object is a table, view or a table value function.
*/

    --1) List all access provisioned to a SQL user or Windows user/group directly
    SELECT
        [UserType] = CASE princ.[type]
                         WHEN 'S' THEN 'SQL User'
                         WHEN 'U' THEN 'Windows User'
                         WHEN 'G' THEN 'Windows Group'
                     END,
        [DatabaseUserName] = princ.[name],
        [LoginName]        = ulogin.[name],
        [Role]             = NULL,
        [PermissionType]   = perm.[permission_name],
        [PermissionState]  = perm.[state_desc],
        [ObjectType] = CASE perm.[class]
                           WHEN 1 THEN obj.[type_desc]        -- Schema-contained objects
                           ELSE perm.[class_desc]             -- Higher-level objects
                       END,
        [Schema] = objschem.[name],
        [ObjectName] = CASE perm.[class]
                           WHEN 3 THEN permschem.[name]       -- Schemas
                           WHEN 4 THEN imp.[name]             -- Impersonations
                           ELSE OBJECT_NAME(perm.[major_id])  -- General objects
                       END,
        [ColumnName] = col.[name]
    FROM
        --Database user
        sys.database_principals            AS princ
        --Login accounts
        LEFT JOIN sys.server_principals    AS ulogin    ON ulogin.[sid] = princ.[sid]
        --Permissions
        LEFT JOIN sys.database_permissions AS perm      ON perm.[grantee_principal_id] = princ.[principal_id]
        LEFT JOIN sys.schemas              AS permschem ON permschem.[schema_id] = perm.[major_id]
        LEFT JOIN sys.objects              AS obj       ON obj.[object_id] = perm.[major_id]
        LEFT JOIN sys.schemas              AS objschem  ON objschem.[schema_id] = obj.[schema_id]
        --Table columns
        LEFT JOIN sys.columns              AS col       ON col.[object_id] = perm.[major_id]
                                                           AND col.[column_id] = perm.[minor_id]
        --Impersonations
        LEFT JOIN sys.database_principals  AS imp       ON imp.[principal_id] = perm.[major_id]
    WHERE
        princ.[type] IN ('S','U','G')
        -- No need for these system accounts
        AND princ.[name] NOT IN ('sys', 'INFORMATION_SCHEMA')

UNION

    --2) List all access provisioned to a SQL user or Windows user/group through a database or application role
    SELECT
        [UserType] = CASE membprinc.[type]
                         WHEN 'S' THEN 'SQL User'
                         WHEN 'U' THEN 'Windows User'
                         WHEN 'G' THEN 'Windows Group'
                     END,
        [DatabaseUserName] = membprinc.[name],
        [LoginName]        = ulogin.[name],
        [Role]             = roleprinc.[name],
        [PermissionType]   = perm.[permission_name],
        [PermissionState]  = perm.[state_desc],
        [ObjectType] = CASE perm.[class]
                           WHEN 1 THEN obj.[type_desc]        -- Schema-contained objects
                           ELSE perm.[class_desc]             -- Higher-level objects
                       END,
        [Schema] = objschem.[name],
        [ObjectName] = CASE perm.[class]
                           WHEN 3 THEN permschem.[name]       -- Schemas
                           WHEN 4 THEN imp.[name]             -- Impersonations
                           ELSE OBJECT_NAME(perm.[major_id])  -- General objects
                       END,
        [ColumnName] = col.[name]
    FROM
        --Role/member associations
        sys.database_role_members          AS members
        --Roles
        JOIN      sys.database_principals  AS roleprinc ON roleprinc.[principal_id] = members.[role_principal_id]
        --Role members (database users)
        JOIN      sys.database_principals  AS membprinc ON membprinc.[principal_id] = members.[member_principal_id]
        --Login accounts
        LEFT JOIN sys.server_principals    AS ulogin    ON ulogin.[sid] = membprinc.[sid]
        --Permissions
        LEFT JOIN sys.database_permissions AS perm      ON perm.[grantee_principal_id] = roleprinc.[principal_id]
        LEFT JOIN sys.schemas              AS permschem ON permschem.[schema_id] = perm.[major_id]
        LEFT JOIN sys.objects              AS obj       ON obj.[object_id] = perm.[major_id]
        LEFT JOIN sys.schemas              AS objschem  ON objschem.[schema_id] = obj.[schema_id]
        --Table columns
        LEFT JOIN sys.columns              AS col       ON col.[object_id] = perm.[major_id]
                                                           AND col.[column_id] = perm.[minor_id]
        --Impersonations
        LEFT JOIN sys.database_principals  AS imp       ON imp.[principal_id] = perm.[major_id]
    WHERE
        membprinc.[type] IN ('S','U','G')
        -- No need for these system accounts
        AND membprinc.[name] NOT IN ('sys', 'INFORMATION_SCHEMA')

UNION

    --3) List all access provisioned to the public role, which everyone gets by default
    SELECT
        [UserType]         = '{All Users}',
        [DatabaseUserName] = '{All Users}',
        [LoginName]        = '{All Users}',
        [Role]             = roleprinc.[name],
        [PermissionType]   = perm.[permission_name],
        [PermissionState]  = perm.[state_desc],
        [ObjectType] = CASE perm.[class]
                           WHEN 1 THEN obj.[type_desc]        -- Schema-contained objects
                           ELSE perm.[class_desc]             -- Higher-level objects
                       END,
        [Schema] = objschem.[name],
        [ObjectName] = CASE perm.[class]
                           WHEN 3 THEN permschem.[name]       -- Schemas
                           WHEN 4 THEN imp.[name]             -- Impersonations
                           ELSE OBJECT_NAME(perm.[major_id])  -- General objects
                       END,
        [ColumnName] = col.[name]
    FROM
        --Roles
        sys.database_principals            AS roleprinc
        --Role permissions
        LEFT JOIN sys.database_permissions AS perm      ON perm.[grantee_principal_id] = roleprinc.[principal_id]
        LEFT JOIN sys.schemas              AS permschem ON permschem.[schema_id] = perm.[major_id]
        --All objects
        JOIN      sys.objects              AS obj       ON obj.[object_id] = perm.[major_id]
        LEFT JOIN sys.schemas              AS objschem  ON objschem.[schema_id] = obj.[schema_id]
        --Table columns
        LEFT JOIN sys.columns              AS col       ON col.[object_id] = perm.[major_id]
                                                           AND col.[column_id] = perm.[minor_id]
        --Impersonations
        LEFT JOIN sys.database_principals  AS imp       ON imp.[principal_id] = perm.[major_id]
    WHERE
        roleprinc.[type] = 'R'
        AND roleprinc.[name] = 'public'
        AND obj.[is_ms_shipped] = 0

ORDER BY
    [UserType],
    [DatabaseUserName],
    [LoginName],
    [Role],
    [Schema],
    [ObjectName],
    [ColumnName],
    [PermissionType],
    [PermissionState],
    [ObjectType]

不幸的是，由于声誉不够，我无法评论Sean Rose的帖子，但是我不得不修改脚本的“公共”角色部分，因为它没有显示针对sys.objects的(INNER) JOIN权限。在它被更改为LEFT JOIN之后，我不得不进一步修改where子句逻辑以省略系统对象。我对公众烫发的修改查询如下。

--3) List all access provisioned to the public role, which everyone gets by default
    SELECT
        @@servername ServerName
        , db_name() DatabaseName
        , [UserType]         = '{All Users}',
        [DatabaseUserName] = '{All Users}',
        [LoginName]        = '{All Users}',
        [Role]             = roleprinc.[name],
        [PermissionType]   = perm.[permission_name],
        [PermissionState]  = perm.[state_desc],
        [ObjectType] = CASE perm.[class]
                           WHEN 1 THEN obj.[type_desc]        -- Schema-contained objects
                           ELSE perm.[class_desc]             -- Higher-level objects
                       END,
        [Schema] = objschem.[name],
        [ObjectName] = CASE perm.[class]
                           WHEN 3 THEN permschem.[name]       -- Schemas
                           WHEN 4 THEN imp.[name]             -- Impersonations
                           ELSE OBJECT_NAME(perm.[major_id])  -- General objects
                       END,
        [ColumnName] = col.[name]
    FROM
        --Roles
        sys.database_principals            AS roleprinc
        --Role permissions
        LEFT JOIN sys.database_permissions AS perm      ON perm.[grantee_principal_id] = roleprinc.[principal_id]
        LEFT JOIN sys.schemas              AS permschem ON permschem.[schema_id] = perm.[major_id]
        --All objects
        LEFT JOIN sys.objects              AS obj       ON obj.[object_id] = perm.[major_id]
        LEFT JOIN sys.schemas              AS objschem  ON objschem.[schema_id] = obj.[schema_id]
        --Table columns
        LEFT JOIN sys.columns              AS col       ON col.[object_id] = perm.[major_id]
                                                           AND col.[column_id] = perm.[minor_id]
        --Impersonations
        LEFT JOIN sys.database_principals  AS imp       ON imp.[principal_id] = perm.[major_id]
    WHERE
        roleprinc.[type] = 'R'
        AND roleprinc.[name] = 'public'
        AND isnull(obj.[is_ms_shipped], 0) = 0
        AND isnull(object_schema_name(perm.[major_id]), '') <> 'sys'

ORDER BY
    [UserType],
    [DatabaseUserName],
    [LoginName],
    [Role],
    [Schema],
    [ObjectName],
    [ColumnName],
    [PermissionType],
    [PermissionState],
    [ObjectType]

无法评论已接受的答案，所以我将在这里添加一些评论:

I second Brad on schemas issue. From MS reference sys.objects table contains only schema-scoped objects. So to get info about "higher level" objects (i.e. schemas in our case) you need to use sys.schemas table. For [ObjectType] it's better to use obj.type_desc only for OBJECT_OR_COLUMN permission class. For all other cases use perm.[class_desc] Another type of permission which is not handled so well with this query is IMPERSONATE. To get info about impersonations one should LEFT JOIN with sys.database_principals on perm.major_id = imp.principal_id With my experience it's better to replace sys.login_token with sys.server_principals as it will show also SQL Logins, not only Windows ones One should add 'G' to allowed principal types to allow Windows groups Also, one can exclude users sys and INFORMATION_SCHEMA from resulting table, as these users are used only for service

我将发布第一个带有所有建议修复的脚本，其他部分也应该被更改:

SELECT  
    [UserName] = ulogin.[name],
    [UserType] = CASE princ.[type]
                    WHEN 'S' THEN 'SQL User'
                    WHEN 'U' THEN 'Windows User'
                    WHEN 'G' THEN 'Windows Group'
                 END,  
    [DatabaseUserName] = princ.[name],       
    [Role] = null,      
    [PermissionType] = perm.[permission_name],       
    [PermissionState] = perm.[state_desc],       
    [ObjectType] = CASE perm.[class] 
                        WHEN 1 THEN obj.type_desc               -- Schema-contained objects
                        ELSE perm.[class_desc]                  -- Higher-level objects
                   END,       
    [ObjectName] = CASE perm.[class] 
                        WHEN 1 THEN OBJECT_NAME(perm.major_id)  -- General objects
                        WHEN 3 THEN schem.[name]                -- Schemas
                        WHEN 4 THEN imp.[name]                  -- Impersonations
                   END,
    [ColumnName] = col.[name]
FROM    
    --database user
    sys.database_principals princ  
LEFT JOIN
    --Login accounts
    sys.server_principals ulogin on princ.[sid] = ulogin.[sid]
LEFT JOIN        
    --Permissions
    sys.database_permissions perm ON perm.[grantee_principal_id] = princ.[principal_id]
LEFT JOIN
    --Table columns
    sys.columns col ON col.[object_id] = perm.major_id 
                    AND col.[column_id] = perm.[minor_id]
LEFT JOIN
    sys.objects obj ON perm.[major_id] = obj.[object_id]
LEFT JOIN
    sys.schemas schem ON schem.[schema_id] = perm.[major_id]
LEFT JOIN
    sys.database_principals imp ON imp.[principal_id] = perm.[major_id]
WHERE 
    princ.[type] IN ('S','U','G') AND
    -- No need for these system accounts
    princ.[name] NOT IN ('sys', 'INFORMATION_SCHEMA')

我只是在Jeremy的回答中添加了以下内容，因为我有一个分配给数据库db_datareader的角色，该角色没有显示该角色拥有的权限。我试着查看每个人帖子中的所有答案，但找不到任何可以做到这一点的答案，所以我添加了自己的问题。

    SELECT 
    UserType='Role', 
    DatabaseUserName = '{Role Members}',
    LoginName = DP2.name,
    Role = DP1.name,
    'SELECT' AS [PermissionType] ,
    [PermissionState]  = 'GRANT',
    [ObjectType] = 'Table',
    [Schema] = 'dbo',
    [ObjectName] = 'All Tables',
    [ColumnName] = NULL
FROM sys.database_role_members AS DRM  
RIGHT OUTER JOIN sys.database_principals AS DP1  
    ON DRM.role_principal_id = DP1.principal_id  
LEFT OUTER JOIN sys.database_principals AS DP2  
    ON DRM.member_principal_id = DP2.principal_id  
WHERE DP1.type = 'R'
AND DP2.name IS NOT NULL