这里有很多答案,但没有一个满足了我所有的需求。

我需要运行命令并捕获输出和输出代码. 我需要时间out 执行的程序,并强迫它出去,如果时间out 达到,并杀死它的所有儿童过程. 我需要它在 Windows XP 和以后, Cygwin 和 Linux 工作。

def _run(command, timeout_s=False, shell=False):
    ### run a process, capture the output and wait for it to finish. if timeout is specified then Kill the subprocess and its children when the timeout is reached (if parent did not detach)
    ## usage: _run(arg1, arg2, arg3)
        # arg1: command + arguments. Always pass a string; the function will split it when needed
        # arg2: (optional) timeout in seconds before force killing
        # arg3: (optional) shell usage. default shell=False
    ## return: a list containing: exit code, output, and if timeout was reached or not

    # - Tested on Python 2 and 3 on Windows XP, Windows 7, Cygwin and Linux.
    # - preexec_fn=os.setsid (py2) is equivalent to start_new_session (py3) (works on Linux only), in Windows and Cygwin we use TASKKILL
    # - we use stderr=subprocess.STDOUT to merge standard error and standard output
    import sys, subprocess, os, signal, shlex, time

    def _runPY3(command, timeout_s=None, shell=False):
        # py3.3+ because: timeout was added to communicate() in py3.3.
        new_session=False
        if sys.platform.startswith('linux'): new_session=True
        p = subprocess.Popen(command, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT, start_new_session=new_session, shell=shell)

        try:
            out = p.communicate(timeout=timeout_s)[0].decode('utf-8')
            is_timeout_reached = False
        except subprocess.TimeoutExpired:
            print('Timeout reached: Killing the whole process group...')
            killAll(p.pid)
            out = p.communicate()[0].decode('utf-8')
            is_timeout_reached = True
        return p.returncode, out, is_timeout_reached

    def _runPY2(command, timeout_s=0, shell=False):
        preexec=None
        if sys.platform.startswith('linux'): preexec=os.setsid
        p = subprocess.Popen(command, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT, preexec_fn=preexec, shell=shell)

        start_time = time.time()
        is_timeout_reached = False
        while timeout_s and p.poll() == None:
            if time.time()-start_time >= timeout_s:
                print('Timeout reached: Killing the whole process group...')
                killAll(p.pid)
                is_timeout_reached = True
                break
            time.sleep(1)
        out = p.communicate()[0].decode('utf-8')
        return p.returncode, out, is_timeout_reached

    def killAll(ParentPid):
        if sys.platform.startswith('linux'):
            os.killpg(os.getpgid(ParentPid), signal.SIGTERM)
        elif sys.platform.startswith('cygwin'):
            # subprocess.Popen(shlex.split('bash -c "TASKKILL /F /PID $(</proc/{pid}/winpid) /T"'.format(pid=ParentPid)))
            winpid=int(open("/proc/{pid}/winpid".format(pid=ParentPid)).read())
            subprocess.Popen(['TASKKILL', '/F', '/PID', str(winpid), '/T'])
        elif sys.platform.startswith('win32'):
            subprocess.Popen(['TASKKILL', '/F', '/PID', str(ParentPid), '/T'])

    # - In Windows, we never need to split the command, but in Cygwin and Linux we need to split if shell=False (default), shlex will split the command for us
    if shell==False and (sys.platform.startswith('cygwin') or sys.platform.startswith('linux')):
        command=shlex.split(command)

    if sys.version_info >= (3, 3): # py3.3+
        if timeout_s==False:
            returnCode, output, is_timeout_reached = _runPY3(command, timeout_s=None, shell=shell)
        else:
            returnCode, output, is_timeout_reached = _runPY3(command, timeout_s=timeout_s, shell=shell)
    else:  # Python 2 and up to 3.2
        if timeout_s==False:
            returnCode, output, is_timeout_reached = _runPY2(command, timeout_s=0, shell=shell)
        else:
            returnCode, output, is_timeout_reached = _runPY2(command, timeout_s=timeout_s, shell=shell)

    return returnCode, output, is_timeout_reached

然后用它如下:

总是将命令作为一个行(它更容易)。你不需要分开它;函数在需要时将分开它。

所以我们可以用这个类似的时间:

a=_run('cmd /c echo 11111 & echo 22222 & calc',3)
for i in a[1].splitlines(): print(i)

或者没有时间:

b=_run('cmd /c echo 11111 & echo 22222 & calc')

更多例子:

b=_run('''wmic nic where 'NetConnectionID="Local Area Connection"' get NetConnectionStatus /value''')
print(b)

c=_run('cmd /C netsh interface ip show address "Local Area Connection"')
print(c)

d=_run('printf "<%s>\n" "{foo}"')
print(d)

你也可以指定Shell=True,但在大多数情况下,这个功能是无用的。我宁愿自己选择我想要的Shell,但这里是,如果你也需要它:

# windows
e=_run('echo 11111 & echo 22222 & calc',3, shell=True)
print(e)
# Cygwin/Linux:
f=_run('printf "<%s>\n" "{foo}"', shell=True)
print(f)

為什麼我沒有使用更簡單的新方法 subprocess.run()?

因为它支持在Python 3.7+,但最后支持的Python版本在Windows XP是3.4. 而且由于这个功能的Timeout论点在Windows中是无用的,它不会杀死执行命令的儿童过程. 如果你使用 capture_output + Timeout论点,它会挂在如果有一个儿童过程仍然运行。

import os
cmd = 'ls -al'
os.system(cmd)

如果你想返回命令的结果,你可以使用os.popen. 但是,这是由于版本 2.6 有利于子过程模块,其他答案已经覆盖得很好。

下面是我的两个百分点:在我看来,这是处理外部命令时最好的做法......

这些是执行方法的回报值......

pass, stdout, stderr = execute(["ls","-la"],"/home/user/desktop")

这是执行方法......

def execute(cmdArray,workingDir):

    stdout = ''
    stderr = ''

    try:
        try:
            process = subprocess.Popen(cmdArray,cwd=workingDir, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, bufsize=1)
        except OSError:
            return [False, '', 'ERROR : command(' + ' '.join(cmdArray) + ') could not get executed!']

        for line in iter(process.stdout.readline, b''):

            try:
                echoLine = line.decode("utf-8")
            except:
                echoLine = str(line)

            stdout += echoLine

        for line in iter(process.stderr.readline, b''):

            try:
                echoLine = line.decode("utf-8")
            except:
                echoLine = str(line)

            stderr += echoLine

    except (KeyboardInterrupt,SystemExit) as err:
        return [False,'',str(err)]

    process.stdout.close()

    returnCode = process.wait()
    if returnCode != 0 or stderr != '':
        return [False, stdout, stderr]
    else:
        return [True, stdout, stderr]

2015 年更新: Python 3.5 添加了 subprocess.run 比 subprocess.Popen 更容易使用。

>>> subprocess.run(["ls", "-l"])  # doesn't capture output
CompletedProcess(args=['ls', '-l'], returncode=0)

>>> subprocess.run("exit 1", shell=True, check=True)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  ...
subprocess.CalledProcessError: Command 'exit 1' returned non-zero exit status 1

>>> subprocess.run(["ls", "-l", "/dev/null"], capture_output=True)
CompletedProcess(args=['ls', '-l', '/dev/null'], returncode=0,
stdout=b'crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 1, 3 Jan 23 16:23 /dev/null\n', stderr=b'')

使用 subprocess.call:

from subprocess import call

# Using list
call(["echo", "Hello", "world"])

# Single string argument varies across platforms so better split it
call("echo Hello world".split(" "))

我写了一本小图书馆来帮助这个使用案例:

HTTPS://pypi.org/project/citizenshell/

可以使用安装

pip install citizenshell

然后使用如下:

from citizenshell import sh
assert sh("echo Hello World") == "Hello World"

您可以将标准输出与标准错误分开,并以以下方式提取输出代码:

result = sh(">&2 echo error && echo output && exit 13")
assert result.stdout() == ["output"]
assert result.stderr() == ["error"]
assert result.exit_code() == 13

而且很酷的是,在开始处理输出之前,你不需要等待底层的裂缝出发:

for line in sh("for i in 1 2 3 4; do echo -n 'It is '; date +%H:%M:%S; sleep 1; done", wait=False)
    print ">>>", line + "!"

将按行按行按行按行按行按行按行按行按行。

>>> It is 14:24:52!
>>> It is 14:24:53!
>>> It is 14:24:54!
>>> It is 14:24:55!

更多例子可以找到 https://github.com/meuter/citizenshell