PEP 8规定:
导入总是放在文件的顶部，就在任何模块注释和文档字符串之后，在模块全局变量和常量之前。
然而，如果我导入的类/方法/函数只在很少的情况下使用，那么在需要时进行导入肯定会更有效吗?
这不是:
class SomeClass(object):
def not_often_called(self)
from datetime import datetime
self.datetime = datetime.now()
比这更有效率?
from datetime import datetime
class SomeClass(object):
def not_often_called(self)
self.datetime = datetime.now()
当前回答
I do not aspire to provide complete answer, because others have already done this very well. I just want to mention one use case when I find especially useful to import modules inside functions. My application uses python packages and modules stored in certain location as plugins. During application startup, the application walks through all the modules in the location and imports them, then it looks inside the modules and if it finds some mounting points for the plugins (in my case it is a subclass of a certain base class having a unique ID) it registers them. The number of plugins is large (now dozens, but maybe hundreds in the future) and each of them is used quite rarely. Having imports of third party libraries at the top of my plugin modules was a bit penalty during application startup. Especially some thirdparty libraries are heavy to import (e.g. import of plotly even tries to connect to internet and download something which was adding about one second to startup). By optimizing imports (calling them only in the functions where they are used) in the plugins I managed to shrink the startup from 10 seconds to some 2 seconds. That is a big difference for my users.
所以我的答案是否定的，不要总是把导入放在模块的顶部。
其他回答
这就像许多其他优化一样——你牺牲了一些可读性来换取速度。正如John提到的，如果您已经完成了分析作业，并且发现这是一个非常有用的更改，并且您需要额外的速度，那么就去做吧。最好把所有其他的导入都放在一起:
from foo import bar
from baz import qux
# Note: datetime is imported in SomeClass below
大多数情况下，这对于清晰和明智的做法是有用的，但并不总是如此。下面是模块导入可能存在于其他地方的两个例子。
首先，你可以有一个这样的单元测试模块:
if __name__ == '__main__':
import foo
aa = foo.xyz() # initiate something for the test
其次，您可能需要在运行时有条件地导入一些不同的模块。
if [condition]:
import foo as plugin_api
else:
import bar as plugin_api
xx = plugin_api.Plugin()
[...]
在其他情况下，您可能会在代码的其他部分导入。
有趣的是，到目前为止，没有一个回答提到并行处理，当序列化的函数代码被推到其他核心时，可能需要将导入放在函数中，例如在ipyparallel的情况下。
模块导入非常快，但不是即时的。这意味着:
将导入放在模块的顶部是可以的，因为这是一个微不足道的成本，只需要支付一次。 将导入放在函数中会导致对该函数的调用花费更长的时间。
所以如果你关心效率，把进口放在最上面。只有在分析显示有帮助的情况下，才将它们移动到函数中(您进行了分析，以查看哪里可以最好地提高性能，对吗??)
我所见过的执行惰性导入的最佳理由是:
可选的库支持。如果您的代码有多个使用不同库的路径，如果没有安装可选库，请不要中断。 在插件的__init__.py中，该插件可能被导入，但实际上没有使用。例如Bazaar插件，它们使用bzrlib的惰性加载框架。
Module initialization only occurs once - on the first import. If the module in question is from the standard library, then you will likely import it from other modules in your program as well. For a module as prevalent as datetime, it is also likely a dependency for a slew of other standard libraries. The import statement would cost very little then since the module intialization would have happened already. All it is doing at this point is binding the existing module object to the local scope.
将这些信息与可读性参数结合起来，我会说import语句最好在模块范围内。
