我重写了公认的答案，并为新手提供了方便。

#break it down and understand it intuitively.
new = {}
for (key, value) in data:
    if key not in new:
        new[key] = [] # this is core of setdefault equals to new.setdefault(key, [])
        new[key].append(value)
    else:
        new[key].append(value)


# easy with setdefault
new = {}
for (key, value) in data:
    group = new.setdefault(key, []) # it is new[key] = []
    group.append(value)



# even simpler with defaultdict
new = defaultdict(list)
for (key, value) in data:
    new[key].append(value) # all keys have a default value of empty list []

另外，我将这些方法分类为参考:

dict_methods_11 = {
            'views':['keys', 'values', 'items'],
            'add':['update','setdefault'],
            'remove':['pop', 'popitem','clear'],
            'retrieve':['get',],
            'copy':['copy','fromkeys'],}

从理论上讲，如果您有时想设置默认值，有时不想设置默认值，那么setdefault仍然很方便。在现实生活中，我还没有遇到过这样的用例。

然而，一个有趣的用例来自标准库(Python 2.6， _threadinglocal.py):

>>> mydata = local()
>>> mydata.__dict__
{'number': 42}
>>> mydata.__dict__.setdefault('widgets', [])
[]
>>> mydata.widgets
[]

我会说使用__dict__。Setdefault是一个非常有用的例子。

编辑:碰巧，这是标准库中唯一的示例，并且它在注释中。因此，它可能不足以证明setdefault的存在。不过，这里有一个解释:

Objects store their attributes in the __dict__ attribute. As it happens, the __dict__ attribute is writeable at any time after the object creation. It is also a dictionary not a defaultdict. It is not sensible for objects in the general case to have __dict__ as a defaultdict because that would make each object having all legal identifiers as attributes. So I can't foresee any change to Python objects getting rid of __dict__.setdefault, apart from deleting it altogether if it was deemed not useful.

我重写了公认的答案，并为新手提供了方便。

#break it down and understand it intuitively.
new = {}
for (key, value) in data:
    if key not in new:
        new[key] = [] # this is core of setdefault equals to new.setdefault(key, [])
        new[key].append(value)
    else:
        new[key].append(value)


# easy with setdefault
new = {}
for (key, value) in data:
    group = new.setdefault(key, []) # it is new[key] = []
    group.append(value)



# even simpler with defaultdict
new = defaultdict(list)
for (key, value) in data:
    new[key].append(value) # all keys have a default value of empty list []

另外，我将这些方法分类为参考:

dict_methods_11 = {
            'views':['keys', 'values', 'items'],
            'add':['update','setdefault'],
            'remove':['pop', 'popitem','clear'],
            'retrieve':['get',],
            'copy':['copy','fromkeys'],}

[编辑]大错特错!setdefault总是会触发long_computation，因为Python很急切。

扩展塔特尔的答案。对我来说，最好的用例是缓存机制。而不是:

if x not in memo:
   memo[x]=long_computation(x)
return memo[x]

这需要3行和2到3次查找，我很乐意这样写:

return memo.setdefault(x, long_computation(x))

defaultdict相对于dict (dict.setdefault)的一个缺点是，defaultdict对象每次给出不存在的键时都会创建一个新项(例如==，print)。此外，defaultdict类通常比dict类更不常见，它更难IME序列化。

注:IMO函数|方法不意味着改变对象，不应该改变对象。

setdefault()的不同用例是当您不想覆盖已经设置的键的值时。Defaultdict会覆盖，而setdefault()不会。对于嵌套字典，更常见的情况是，只有在键尚未设置时才设置默认值，因为您不想删除当前子字典。这就是使用setdefault()的时候。

使用defaultdict的示例:

>>> from collection import defaultdict()
>>> foo = defaultdict()
>>> foo['a'] = 4
>>> foo['a'] = 2
>>> print(foo)
defaultdict(None, {'a': 2})

Setdefault不会覆盖:

>>> bar = dict()
>>> bar.setdefault('a', 4)
>>> bar.setdefault('a', 2)
>>> print(bar)
{'a': 4}