@数据类定义提供用于定义实例变量和初始化方法__init__（）的类级名称。如果要在@dataclass中使用类级变量，则应使用typeing.ClassVar类型提示。ClassVar类型的参数定义类级别变量的类型。

from typing import ClassVar
from dataclasses import dataclass

@dataclass
class Test:
    i: ClassVar[int] = 10
    x: int
    y: int
    
    def __repr__(self):
        return f"Test({self.x=}, {self.y=}, {Test.i=})"

用法示例：

> test1 = Test(5, 6)
> test2 = Test(10, 11)

> test1
Test(self.x=5, self.y=6, Test.i=10)
> test2
Test(self.x=10, self.y=11, Test.i=10)

类变量并允许子类化

假设你不是在寻找一个真正的静态变量，而是一个类似于蟒蛇的东西，它可以为同意的成年人做同样的工作，那么就使用一个类变量。这将为您提供一个所有实例都可以访问（和更新）的变量

注意：其他许多使用类变量的答案都会破坏子类化。应避免直接按名称引用类。

from contextlib import contextmanager

class Sheldon(object):
    foo = 73

    def __init__(self, n):
        self.n = n

    def times(self):
        cls = self.__class__
        return cls.foo * self.n
        #self.foo * self.n would give the same result here but is less readable
        # it will also create a local variable which will make it easier to break your code
    
    def updatefoo(self):
        cls = self.__class__
        cls.foo *= self.n
        #self.foo *= self.n will not work here
        # assignment will try to create a instance variable foo

    @classmethod
    @contextmanager
    def reset_after_test(cls):
        originalfoo = cls.foo
        yield
        cls.foo = originalfoo
        #if you don't do this then running a full test suite will fail
        #updates to foo in one test will be kept for later tests

将为您提供与使用Sheldon.foo处理变量相同的功能，并将通过以下测试：

def test_times():
    with Sheldon.reset_after_test():
        s = Sheldon(2)
        assert s.times() == 146

def test_update():
    with Sheldon.reset_after_test():
        s = Sheldon(2)
        s.updatefoo()
        assert Sheldon.foo == 146

def test_two_instances():
    with Sheldon.reset_after_test():
        s = Sheldon(2)
        s3 = Sheldon(3)
        assert s.times() == 146
        assert s3.times() == 219
        s3.updatefoo()
        assert s.times() == 438

它还允许其他人简单地：

class Douglas(Sheldon):
    foo = 42

这也将起作用：

def test_subclassing():
    with Sheldon.reset_after_test(), Douglas.reset_after_test():
        s = Sheldon(2)
        d = Douglas(2)
        assert d.times() == 84
        assert s.times() == 146
        d.updatefoo()
        assert d.times() == 168 #Douglas.Foo was updated
        assert s.times() == 146 #Seldon.Foo is still 73

def test_subclassing_reset():
    with Sheldon.reset_after_test(), Douglas.reset_after_test():
        s = Sheldon(2)
        d = Douglas(2)
        assert d.times() == 84 #Douglas.foo was reset after the last test
        assert s.times() == 146 #and so was Sheldon.foo

有关创建课程时要注意的事项的最佳建议，请查看Raymond Hettinger的视频https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HTLu2DFOdTg

例如，如果您试图共享一个静态变量，在其他实例之间增加它，则类似以下脚本的操作很正常：

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
class Worker:
    id = 1

    def __init__(self):
        self.name = ''
        self.document = ''
        self.id = Worker.id
        Worker.id += 1

    def __str__(self):
        return u"{}.- {} {}".format(self.id, self.name, self.document).encode('utf8')


class Workers:
    def __init__(self):
        self.list = []

    def add(self, name, doc):
        worker = Worker()
        worker.name = name
        worker.document = doc
        self.list.append(worker)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    workers = Workers()
    for item in (('Fiona', '0009898'), ('Maria', '66328191'), ("Sandra", '2342184'), ('Elvira', '425872')):
        workers.add(item[0], item[1])
    for worker in workers.list:
        print(worker)
    print("next id: %i" % Worker.id)

使用Object数据类型是可能的。但是对于bool、int、float或str等原始类型，bahaviour与其他OOP语言不同。因为在继承类中不存在静态属性。若继承类中不存在该属性，Python将开始在父类中查找该属性。如果在父类中找到，将返回其值。当您决定更改继承类中的值时，将在运行时创建静态属性。在下一次读取继承的静态属性时，将返回其值，因为它已经定义。对象（列表、字典）用作引用，因此可以安全地将它们用作静态属性并继承它们。对象地址在更改其属性值时不会更改。

整数数据类型示例：

class A:
    static = 1


class B(A):
    pass


print(f"int {A.static}")  # get 1 correctly
print(f"int {B.static}")  # get 1 correctly

A.static = 5
print(f"int {A.static}")  # get 5 correctly
print(f"int {B.static}")  # get 5 correctly

B.static = 6
print(f"int {A.static}")  # expected 6, but get 5 incorrectly
print(f"int {B.static}")  # get 6 correctly

A.static = 7
print(f"int {A.static}")  # get 7 correctly
print(f"int {B.static}")  # get unchanged 6

基于refdatatypes库的解决方案：

from refdatatypes.refint import RefInt


class AAA:
    static = RefInt(1)


class BBB(AAA):
    pass


print(f"refint {AAA.static.value}")  # get 1 correctly
print(f"refint {BBB.static.value}")  # get 1 correctly

AAA.static.value = 5
print(f"refint {AAA.static.value}")  # get 5 correctly
print(f"refint {BBB.static.value}")  # get 5 correctly

BBB.static.value = 6
print(f"refint {AAA.static.value}")  # get 6 correctly
print(f"refint {BBB.static.value}")  # get 6 correctly

AAA.static.value = 7
print(f"refint {AAA.static.value}")  # get 7 correctly
print(f"refint {BBB.static.value}")  # get 7 correctly

当然是的，Python本身没有任何静态数据成员，但我们可以这样做

class A:
    counter =0
    def callme (self):
        A.counter +=1
    def getcount (self):
        return self.counter  
>>> x=A()
>>> y=A()
>>> print(x.getcount())
>>> print(y.getcount())
>>> x.callme() 
>>> print(x.getcount())
>>> print(y.getcount())

输出

0
0
1
1

解释

here object (x) alone increment the counter variable
from 0 to 1 by not object y. But result it as "static counter"

与@staticmethod不同，但类变量是类的静态方法，并与所有实例共享。

现在您可以像这样访问它

instance = MyClass()
print(instance.i)

or

print(MyClass.i)

必须为这些变量赋值

我在努力

class MyClass:
  i: str

并在一个方法调用中赋值，在这种情况下，它将不起作用，并将抛出错误

i is not attribute of MyClass