在Java8中，如果局部变量/字段/方法参数/方法返回类型从未赋值为null（并且不检查null），则可以使用类型T；如果可以为null，则可以键入Optional＜T＞。然后使用方法map处理T->，使用方法flatMap处理T->可选<R>：

class SomeService {
    @Inject
    private CompanyDao companyDao;

    // return Optional<String>
    public Optional<String> selectCeoCityByCompanyId0(int companyId) {
        return companyDao.selectById(companyId)
                .map(Company::getCeo)
                .flatMap(Person::getHomeAddress)
                .flatMap(Address::getCity);
    }

    // return String + default value
    public String selectCeoCityByCompanyId1(int companyId) {
        return companyDao.selectById(companyId)
                .map(Company::getCeo)
                .flatMap(Person::getHomeAddress)
                .flatMap(Address::getCity)
                .orElse("UNKNOWN");
    }

    // return String + exception
    public String selectCeoCityByCompanyId2(int companyId) throws NoSuchElementException {
        return companyDao.selectById(companyId)
                .map(Company::getCeo)
                .flatMap(Person::getHomeAddress)
                .flatMap(Address::getCity)
                .orElseThrow(NoSuchElementException::new);
    }
}

interface CompanyDao {
    // real situation: no company for such id -> use Optional<Company> 
    Optional<Company> selectById(int id);
}

class Company {
    // company always has ceo -> use Person 
    Person ceo;
    public Person getCeo() {return ceo;}
}

class Person {
    // person always has name -> use String
    String firstName;
    // person can be without address -> use Optional<Address>
    Optional<Address> homeAddress = Optional.empty();

    public String getFirstName() {return firstName;}   
    public Optional<Address> getHomeAddress() {return homeAddress;}
}

class Address {
    //  address always contains country -> use String
    String country;
    //  city field is optional -> use Optional<String>
    Optional<String> city = Optional.empty();

    String getCountry() {return country;}    
    Optional<String> getCity() {return city;}
}

函数方法可能有助于包装重复的空检查并执行匿名代码，如下面的示例。

    BiConsumer<Object, Consumer<Object>> consumeIfPresent  = (s,f) ->{
        if(s!=null) {
            f.accept(s);
        }
    };

    consumeIfPresent.accept(null, (s)-> System.out.println(s) );
    consumeIfPresent.accept("test", (s)-> System.out.println(s));

    BiFunction<Object, Function<Object,Object>,Object> executeIfPresent  = (a,b) ->{
        if(a!=null) {
            return b.apply(a);
        }
        return null;
    };
    executeIfPresent.apply(null, (s)-> {System.out.println(s);return s;} );
    executeIfPresent.apply("test", (s)-> {System.out.println(s);return s;} );

有一种很好的方法来检查JDK中的空值。Optional.java有大量解决这些问题的方法。例如：

    /**
     * Returns an {@code Optional} describing the specified value, if non-null,
     * otherwise returns an empty {@code Optional}.
     *
     * @param <T> the class of the value
     * @param value the possibly-null value to describe
     * @return an {@code Optional} with a present value if the specified value
     * is non-null, otherwise an empty {@code Optional}
     */
    public static <T> Optional<T> ofNullable(T value) {
        return value == null ? empty() : of(value);
    }

    /**
     * Return {@code true} if there is a value present, otherwise {@code false}.
     *
     * @return {@code true} if there is a value present, otherwise {@code false}
     */
    public boolean isPresent() {
        return value != null;
    }

    /**
     * If a value is present, invoke the specified consumer with the value,
     * otherwise do nothing.
     *
     * @param consumer block to be executed if a value is present
     * @throws NullPointerException if value is present and {@code consumer} is
     * null
     */
    public void ifPresent(Consumer<? super T> consumer) {
        if (value != null)
            consumer.accept(value);
    }

帮助标枪真的非常非常有用。

对象.isNull（null）如果您使用的是Java8，则可以尝试此代码。

如果您不使用Java8，请尝试使用以下代码

Object ob=null;
if(ob==null){ **do something}

Java8在Java.util包中引入了一个新的类Optional。它用于表示值是否存在。这种新构造的主要优点是不再有太多的空检查和NullPointerException。它避免了任何运行时NullPointerExceptions，并支持我们开发干净整洁的Java API或应用程序。与集合和数组一样，它也是一个最多只能容纳一个值的容器。

下面是一些有用的链接，您可以关注

https://www.mkyong.com/java8/java-8-optional-in-depth/

https://dzone.com/articles/java-8-optional-avoid-null-and

Java8现在有一个可选类，该类包装考虑中的对象，如果存在值，isPresent（）将返回true，而get（）则返回值。

http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/java/java8-optional-2175753.html