我正在努力理解Python中的线程。我看过文档和示例,但坦率地说,许多示例过于复杂,我很难理解它们。
如何清楚地显示为多线程划分的任务?
我正在努力理解Python中的线程。我看过文档和示例,但坦率地说,许多示例过于复杂,我很难理解它们。
如何清楚地显示为多线程划分的任务?
当前回答
这里是多线程,有一个简单的例子会很有帮助。您可以运行它并轻松了解多线程在Python中的工作方式。我使用了一个锁来防止访问其他线程,直到前面的线程完成它们的工作。通过使用这行代码,
t锁定=线程。有界信号量(值=4)
您可以一次允许多个进程,并保留将在稍后或完成之前的进程后运行的其余线程。
import threading
import time
#tLock = threading.Lock()
tLock = threading.BoundedSemaphore(value=4)
def timer(name, delay, repeat):
print "\r\nTimer: ", name, " Started"
tLock.acquire()
print "\r\n", name, " has the acquired the lock"
while repeat > 0:
time.sleep(delay)
print "\r\n", name, ": ", str(time.ctime(time.time()))
repeat -= 1
print "\r\n", name, " is releaseing the lock"
tLock.release()
print "\r\nTimer: ", name, " Completed"
def Main():
t1 = threading.Thread(target=timer, args=("Timer1", 2, 5))
t2 = threading.Thread(target=timer, args=("Timer2", 3, 5))
t3 = threading.Thread(target=timer, args=("Timer3", 4, 5))
t4 = threading.Thread(target=timer, args=("Timer4", 5, 5))
t5 = threading.Thread(target=timer, args=("Timer5", 0.1, 5))
t1.start()
t2.start()
t3.start()
t4.start()
t5.start()
print "\r\nMain Complete"
if __name__ == "__main__":
Main()
其他回答
这很容易理解。这里有两种简单的线程处理方法。
import time
from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor, as_completed
import threading
def a(a=1, b=2):
print(a)
time.sleep(5)
print(b)
return a+b
def b(**kwargs):
if "a" in kwargs:
print("am b")
else:
print("nothing")
to_do=[]
executor = ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=4)
ex1=executor.submit(a)
to_do.append(ex1)
ex2=executor.submit(b, **{"a":1})
to_do.append(ex2)
for future in as_completed(to_do):
print("Future {} and Future Return is {}\n".format(future, future.result()))
print("threading")
to_do=[]
to_do.append(threading.Thread(target=a))
to_do.append(threading.Thread(target=b, kwargs={"a":1}))
for threads in to_do:
threads.start()
for threads in to_do:
threads.join()
自2010年提出这个问题以来,如何使用带有映射和池的Python进行简单的多线程处理已经得到了真正的简化。
下面的代码来自一篇文章/博客文章,您应该明确查看(没有从属关系)-一行中的并行性:一个更好的日常线程任务模型。我将在下面总结一下——它最终只是几行代码:
from multiprocessing.dummy import Pool as ThreadPool
pool = ThreadPool(4)
results = pool.map(my_function, my_array)
以下是多线程版本:
results = []
for item in my_array:
results.append(my_function(item))
描述
Map是一个很酷的小函数,是将并行性轻松注入Python代码的关键。对于那些不熟悉的人来说,map是从Lisp这样的函数语言中提取出来的。它是一个将另一个函数映射到序列上的函数。Map为我们处理序列上的迭代,应用函数,并在最后将所有结果存储在一个方便的列表中。
实施
map函数的并行版本由两个库提供:multiprocessing,以及它鲜为人知但同样神奇的stepchild:multiprocessing.dummy。
multiprocessing.dummy与多处理模块完全相同,但使用线程(一个重要的区别-对CPU密集型任务使用多个进程;对I/O(和在I/O期间)使用线程):
multiprocessing.dummy复制了多处理的API,但它不过是线程模块的包装器。
import urllib2
from multiprocessing.dummy import Pool as ThreadPool
urls = [
'http://www.python.org',
'http://www.python.org/about/',
'http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/python/2003/04/17/metaclasses.html',
'http://www.python.org/doc/',
'http://www.python.org/download/',
'http://www.python.org/getit/',
'http://www.python.org/community/',
'https://wiki.python.org/moin/',
]
# Make the Pool of workers
pool = ThreadPool(4)
# Open the URLs in their own threads
# and return the results
results = pool.map(urllib2.urlopen, urls)
# Close the pool and wait for the work to finish
pool.close()
pool.join()
计时结果:
Single thread: 14.4 seconds
4 Pool: 3.1 seconds
8 Pool: 1.4 seconds
13 Pool: 1.3 seconds
传递多个参数(仅在Python 3.3及更高版本中如此):
要传递多个数组,请执行以下操作:
results = pool.starmap(function, zip(list_a, list_b))
或者传递常量和数组:
results = pool.starmap(function, zip(itertools.repeat(constant), list_a))
如果您使用的是早期版本的Python,可以通过此解决方法传递多个参数)。
(感谢user136036提供的有用评论。)
Python 3具有启动并行任务的功能。这使我们的工作更容易。
它有线程池和进程池。
以下内容提供了一个见解:
ThreadPoolExecutor示例(源代码)
import concurrent.futures
import urllib.request
URLS = ['http://www.foxnews.com/',
'http://www.cnn.com/',
'http://europe.wsj.com/',
'http://www.bbc.co.uk/',
'http://some-made-up-domain.com/']
# Retrieve a single page and report the URL and contents
def load_url(url, timeout):
with urllib.request.urlopen(url, timeout=timeout) as conn:
return conn.read()
# We can use a with statement to ensure threads are cleaned up promptly
with concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=5) as executor:
# Start the load operations and mark each future with its URL
future_to_url = {executor.submit(load_url, url, 60): url for url in URLS}
for future in concurrent.futures.as_completed(future_to_url):
url = future_to_url[future]
try:
data = future.result()
except Exception as exc:
print('%r generated an exception: %s' % (url, exc))
else:
print('%r page is %d bytes' % (url, len(data)))
ProcessPoolExecutor(源)
import concurrent.futures
import math
PRIMES = [
112272535095293,
112582705942171,
112272535095293,
115280095190773,
115797848077099,
1099726899285419]
def is_prime(n):
if n % 2 == 0:
return False
sqrt_n = int(math.floor(math.sqrt(n)))
for i in range(3, sqrt_n + 1, 2):
if n % i == 0:
return False
return True
def main():
with concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor() as executor:
for number, prime in zip(PRIMES, executor.map(is_prime, PRIMES)):
print('%d is prime: %s' % (number, prime))
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
对我来说,线程的最佳示例是监视异步事件。看看这个代码。
# thread_test.py
import threading
import time
class Monitor(threading.Thread):
def __init__(self, mon):
threading.Thread.__init__(self)
self.mon = mon
def run(self):
while True:
if self.mon[0] == 2:
print "Mon = 2"
self.mon[0] = 3;
您可以通过打开IPython会话并执行以下操作来使用此代码:
>>> from thread_test import Monitor
>>> a = [0]
>>> mon = Monitor(a)
>>> mon.start()
>>> a[0] = 2
Mon = 2
>>>a[0] = 2
Mon = 2
等几分钟
>>> a[0] = 2
Mon = 2
这里是使用线程导入CSV的一个非常简单的示例。(图书馆的收录可能因不同的目的而有所不同。)
助手函数:
from threading import Thread
from project import app
import csv
def import_handler(csv_file_name):
thr = Thread(target=dump_async_csv_data, args=[csv_file_name])
thr.start()
def dump_async_csv_data(csv_file_name):
with app.app_context():
with open(csv_file_name) as File:
reader = csv.DictReader(File)
for row in reader:
# DB operation/query
驾驶员功能:
import_handler(csv_file_name)