另一种Linux特有的方法是在一个新的PID名称空间中创建父进程。然后它将是该名称空间中的PID 1，当它退出时，它的所有子节点将立即被SIGKILL杀死。

不幸的是，为了创建一个新的PID名称空间，您必须拥有CAP_SYS_ADMIN。但是，这种方法非常有效，在初始启动父进程之后不需要对父进程或子进程进行任何实际更改。

请参见clone(2)、pid_namespaces(7)和unshare(2)。

即使7年过去了，我刚刚遇到这个问题，因为我正在运行SpringBoot应用程序，需要在开发期间启动webpack-dev-server，并需要在后端进程停止时杀死它。

我尝试使用Runtime.getRuntime()。addShutdownHook，但它在Windows 10上工作，但在Windows 7上不工作。

我已经将其更改为使用一个专门的线程来等待进程退出或用于InterruptedException，这似乎在两个Windows版本上都正确工作。

private void startWebpackDevServer() {
    String cmd = isWindows() ? "cmd /c gradlew webPackStart" : "gradlew webPackStart";
    logger.info("webpack dev-server " + cmd);

    Thread thread = new Thread(() -> {

        ProcessBuilder pb = new ProcessBuilder(cmd.split(" "));
        pb.redirectOutput(ProcessBuilder.Redirect.INHERIT);
        pb.redirectError(ProcessBuilder.Redirect.INHERIT);
        pb.directory(new File("."));

        Process process = null;
        try {
            // Start the node process
            process = pb.start();

            // Wait for the node process to quit (blocking)
            process.waitFor();

            // Ensure the node process is killed
            process.destroyForcibly();
            System.setProperty(WEBPACK_SERVER_PROPERTY, "true");
        } catch (InterruptedException | IOException e) {
            // Ensure the node process is killed.
            // InterruptedException is thrown when the main process exit.
            logger.info("killing webpack dev-server", e);
            if (process != null) {
                process.destroyForcibly();
            }
        }

    });

    thread.start();
}

安装一个陷阱处理程序来捕获SIGINT，如果你的子进程还活着，它就会杀死它，尽管其他的帖子是正确的，它不会捕获SIGKILL。

以独占访问的方式打开一个.lockfile，并让子进程尝试打开它——如果打开成功，子进程应该退出

在POSIX中，exit()， _exit()和_exit()函数被定义为:

如果该进程是控制进程，则SIGHUP信号应发送给控制终端的前台进程组中属于呼叫进程的每个进程。

因此，如果您安排父进程作为其进程组的控制进程，那么当父进程退出时，子进程应该得到一个SIGHUP信号。我不确定当父节点崩溃时是否会发生这种情况，但我认为确实会发生。当然，对于非崩溃的情况，它应该可以正常工作。

请注意，您可能必须阅读大量的小字——包括基本定义(Definitions)部分，以及exit()和setsid()和setpgrp()的系统服务信息——才能了解完整的情况。(我也是!)

我认为不可能保证只使用标准POSIX调用。就像现实生活一样，一旦孩子被孕育出来，它就有了自己的生命。

父进程可以捕获大多数可能的终止事件，并尝试在此时终止子进程，但总有一些无法捕获。

例如，没有进程可以捕获SIGKILL。当内核处理这个信号时，它将杀死指定的进程，而不通知该进程。

扩展一下类比——唯一的另一种标准方式是，当孩子发现自己不再有父母时自杀。

使用prctl(2)有一种linux独有的方法——请参阅其他答案。

Historically, from UNIX v7, the process system has detected orphanity of processes by checking a process' parent id. As I say, historically, the init(8) system process is a special process by only one reason: It cannot die. It cannot die because the kernel algorithm to deal with assigning a new parent process id, depends on this fact. when a process executes its exit(2) call (by means of a process system call or by external task as sending it a signal or the like) the kernel reassigns all children of this process the id of the init process as their parent process id. This leads to the most easy test, and most portable way of knowing if a process has got orphan. Just check the result of the getppid(2) system call and if it is the process id of the init(2) process then the process got orphan before the system call.

这种方法会产生两个问题:

first, we have the possibility of changing the init process to any user process, so How can we assure that the init process will always be parent of all orphan processes? Well, in the exit system call code there's a explicit check to see if the process executing the call is the init process (the process with pid equal to 1) and if that's the case, the kernel panics (It should not be able anymore to maintain the process hierarchy) so it is not permitted for the init process to do an exit(2) call. second, there's a race condition in the basic test exposed above. Init process' id is assumed historically to be 1, but that's not warranted by the POSIX approach, that states (as exposed in other response) that only a system's process id is reserved for that purpose. Almost no posix implementation does this, and you can assume in original unix derived systems that having 1 as response of getppid(2) system call is enough to assume the process is orphan. Another way to check is to make a getppid(2) just after the fork and compare that value with the result of a new call. This simply doesn't work in all cases, as both call are not atomic together, and the parent process can die after the fork(2) and before the first getppid(2) system call. The processparent id only changes once, when its parent does anexit(2)call, so this should be enough to check if thegetppid(2)result changed between calls to see that parent process has exit. This test is not valid for the actual children of the init process, because they are always children ofinit(8)`, but you can assume safely these processes as having no parent either (except when you substitute in a system the init process)