在这个答案的更新3中已经明确表示,这个符号:

var hash = {};
hash[X]

实际上并不散列对象X;它实际上只是将X转换为一个字符串(如果它是一个对象,则通过. tostring(),或者其他一些用于各种基本类型的内置转换),然后在“哈希”中查找该字符串,而不散列它。对象相等性也不检查-如果两个不同的对象具有相同的字符串转换,它们将相互覆盖。

鉴于此,JavaScript中是否有有效的hashmap实现?

(例如,javascript hashmap的第二个谷歌结果对任何操作产生的实现都是O(n)。其他各种结果忽略了具有等效字符串表示的不同对象会相互覆盖这一事实。


当前回答

下面是一种使用类似Java映射的简单而方便的方法:

var map = {
              'map_name_1': map_value_1,
              'map_name_2': map_value_2,
              'map_name_3': map_value_3,
              'map_name_4': map_value_4
          }

为了得到值:

alert(map['map_name_1']);    // Gives the value of map_value_1

... etc. ...

其他回答

在ECMAScript 6中,你可以使用WeakMap。

例子:

var wm1 = new WeakMap(),
    wm2 = new WeakMap(),
    wm3 = new WeakMap();
var o1 = {},
    o2 = function(){},
    o3 = window;

wm1.set(o1, 37);
wm1.set(o2, "azerty");
wm2.set(o1, o2); // A value can be anything, including an object or a function
wm2.set(o3, undefined);
wm2.set(wm1, wm2); // Keys and values can be any objects. Even WeakMaps!

wm1.get(o2); // "azerty"
wm2.get(o2); // Undefined, because there is no value for o2 on wm2
wm2.get(o3); // Undefined, because that is the set value

wm1.has(o2); // True
wm2.has(o2); // False
wm2.has(o3); // True (even if the value itself is 'undefined')

wm3.set(o1, 37);
wm3.get(o1); // 37
wm3.clear();
wm3.get(o1); // Undefined, because wm3 was cleared and there is no value for o1 anymore

wm1.has(o1);   // True
wm1.delete(o1);
wm1.has(o1);   // False

But:

因为引用是弱的,WeakMap键是不可枚举的(也就是说,没有方法给你一个键的列表)。

现在有一些非常好的外部库解决方案:

collections.js Immutable.js

JavaScript也有其语言提供的Map。

地图

下面是一种使用类似Java映射的简单而方便的方法:

var map = {
              'map_name_1': map_value_1,
              'map_name_2': map_value_2,
              'map_name_3': map_value_3,
              'map_name_4': map_value_4
          }

为了得到值:

alert(map['map_name_1']);    // Gives the value of map_value_1

... etc. ...

这是我的另一个地图实现。使用randomizer, 'generics'和'iterator' =)

var HashMap = function (TKey, TValue) {
    var db = [];
    var keyType, valueType;

    (function () {
        keyType = TKey;
        valueType = TValue;
    })();

    var getIndexOfKey = function (key) {
        if (typeof key !== keyType)
            throw new Error('Type of key should be ' + keyType);
        for (var i = 0; i < db.length; i++) {
            if (db[i][0] == key)
                return i;
        }
        return -1;
    }

    this.add = function (key, value) {
        if (typeof key !== keyType) {
            throw new Error('Type of key should be ' + keyType);
        } else if (typeof value !== valueType) {
            throw new Error('Type of value should be ' + valueType);
        }
        var index = getIndexOfKey(key);
        if (index === -1)
            db.push([key, value]);
        else
            db[index][1] = value;
        return this;
    }

    this.get = function (key) {
        if (typeof key !== keyType || db.length === 0)
            return null;
        for (var i = 0; i < db.length; i++) {
            if (db[i][0] == key)
                return db[i][1];
        }
        return null;
    }

    this.size = function () {
        return db.length;
    }

    this.keys = function () {
        if (db.length === 0)
            return [];
        var result = [];
        for (var i = 0; i < db.length; i++) {
            result.push(db[i][0]);
        }
        return result;
    }

    this.values = function () {
        if (db.length === 0)
            return [];
        var result = [];
        for (var i = 0; i < db.length; i++) {
            result.push(db[i][1]);
        }
        return result;
    }

    this.randomize = function () {
        if (db.length === 0)
            return this;
        var currentIndex = db.length, temporaryValue, randomIndex;
        while (0 !== currentIndex) {
            randomIndex = Math.floor(Math.random() * currentIndex);
            currentIndex--;
            temporaryValue = db[currentIndex];
            db[currentIndex] = db[randomIndex];
            db[randomIndex] = temporaryValue;
        }
        return this;
    }

    this.iterate = function (callback) {
        if (db.length === 0)
            return false;
        for (var i = 0; i < db.length; i++) {
            callback(db[i][0], db[i][1]);
        }
        return true;
    }
}

例子:

var a = new HashMap("string", "number");
a.add('test', 1132)
 .add('test14', 666)
 .add('1421test14', 12312666)
 .iterate(function (key, value) {console.log('a['+key+']='+value)});
/*
a[test]=1132
a[test14]=666
a[1421test14]=12312666 
*/
a.randomize();
/*
a[1421test14]=12312666
a[test]=1132
a[test14]=666
*/

如果性能不是很关键(例如,键的数量相对较小),并且你不想用额外的字段(如_hash, _id等)污染你的(或可能不是你的)对象,那么你可以利用Array.prototype.indexOf采用严格相等的事实。下面是一个简单的实现:

var Dict = (function(){
    // Internet Explorer 8 and earlier does not have any Array.prototype.indexOf
    function indexOfPolyfill(val) {
      for (var i = 0, l = this.length; i < l; ++i) {
        if (this[i] === val) {
          return i;
        }
      }
      return -1;
    }

    function Dict(){
      this.keys = [];
      this.values = [];
      if (!this.keys.indexOf) {
        this.keys.indexOf = indexOfPolyfill;
      }
    };

    Dict.prototype.has = function(key){
      return this.keys.indexOf(key) != -1;
    };

    Dict.prototype.get = function(key, defaultValue){
      var index = this.keys.indexOf(key);
      return index == -1 ? defaultValue : this.values[index];
    };

    Dict.prototype.set = function(key, value){
      var index = this.keys.indexOf(key);
      if (index == -1) {
        this.keys.push(key);
        this.values.push(value);
      } else {
        var prevValue = this.values[index];
        this.values[index] = value;
        return prevValue;
      }
    };

    Dict.prototype.delete = function(key){
      var index = this.keys.indexOf(key);
      if (index != -1) {
        this.keys.splice(index, 1);
        return this.values.splice(index, 1)[0];
      }
    };

    Dict.prototype.clear = function(){
      this.keys.splice(0, this.keys.length);
      this.values.splice(0, this.values.length);
    };

    return Dict;
})();

用法示例:

var a = {}, b = {},
    c = { toString: function(){ return '1'; } },
    d = 1, s = '1', u = undefined, n = null,
    dict = new Dict();

// Keys and values can be anything
dict.set(a, 'a');
dict.set(b, 'b');
dict.set(c, 'c');
dict.set(d, 'd');
dict.set(s, 's');
dict.set(u, 'u');
dict.set(n, 'n');

dict.get(a); // 'a'
dict.get(b); // 'b'
dict.get(s); // 's'
dict.get(u); // 'u'
dict.get(n); // 'n'
// etc.

与ECMAScript 6 WeakMap相比,它有两个问题:O(n)搜索时间和非弱(即如果不使用delete或clear释放键会导致内存泄漏)。