一个目录中可以放多少个文件?

在一个目录中保存多少文件有关系吗?如果是，一个目录中有多少文件是太多的，拥有太多文件的影响是什么?(这是在Linux服务器上。)

Background: I have a photo album website, and every image uploaded is renamed to an 8-hex-digit id (say, a58f375c.jpg). This is to avoid filename conflicts (if lots of "IMG0001.JPG" files are uploaded, for example). The original filename and any useful metadata is stored in a database. Right now, I have somewhere around 1500 files in the images directory. This makes listing the files in the directory (through FTP or SSH client) take a few seconds. But I can't see that it has any effect other than that. In particular, there doesn't seem to be any impact on how quickly an image file is served to the user.

我想过通过创建16个子目录来减少图像的数量:0-9和a-f。然后我将根据文件名的第一个十六进制数字将图像移动到子目录中。但是除了偶尔通过FTP/SSH列出目录之外，我不确定这样做是否有任何理由。

当前回答

上面的大多数答案都没有说明，对于最初的问题，没有“一刀切”的答案。

In today's environment we have a large conglomerate of different hardware and software -- some is 32 bit, some is 64 bit, some is cutting edge and some is tried and true - reliable and never changing. Added to that is a variety of older and newer hardware, older and newer OSes, different vendors (Windows, Unixes, Apple, etc.) and a myriad of utilities and servers that go along. As hardware has improved and software is converted to 64 bit compatibility, there has necessarily been considerable delay in getting all the pieces of this very large and complex world to play nicely with the rapid pace of changes.

恕我直言，没有一种方法可以解决问题。解决办法是研究各种可能性，然后通过反复试验找到最适合你特定需求的方法。每个用户必须确定什么适合他们的系统，而不是使用千篇一律的方法。

I for example have a media server with a few very large files. The result is only about 400 files filling a 3 TB drive. Only 1% of the inodes are used but 95% of the total space is used. Someone else, with a lot of smaller files may run out of inodes before they come near to filling the space. (On ext4 filesystems as a rule of thumb, 1 inode is used for each file/directory.) While theoretically the total number of files that may be contained within a directory is nearly infinite, practicality determines that the overall usage determine realistic units, not just filesystem capabilities.

我希望以上所有不同的答案都能促进思考和解决问题，而不是成为进步的不可逾越的障碍。

2016-05-23 23:30:29

其他回答

这在一定程度上取决于Linux服务器上使用的特定文件系统。现在默认是ext3和dir_index，这使得搜索大目录非常快。

所以速度不应该是一个问题，除了你已经注意到的问题，那就是上市需要更长的时间。

一个目录下的文件总数是有限制的。我记得它可以运行到32000个文件。

2009-01-21 19:07:58

如果实现目录分区方案所涉及的时间是最少的，我赞成它。当您第一次调试涉及通过控制台操作10,000个文件目录的问题时，您将能够理解。

例如，F-Spot将照片文件存储为YYYY\MM\DD\filename。ext，这意味着在手动操作我的~20000张照片集合时，我必须处理的最大目录大约有800个文件。这也使文件更容易从第三方应用程序中浏览。永远不要以为只有你的软件会访问你的软件文件。

2009-01-21 19:55:10

这完全取决于文件系统。许多现代文件系统使用良好的数据结构来存储目录的内容，但旧的文件系统通常只是将条目添加到列表中，因此检索文件是一个O(n)操作。

即使文件系统做得正确，列出目录内容的程序仍然绝对有可能搞砸并执行O(n^2)排序，因此为了安全起见，我总是将每个目录的文件数量限制在不超过500个。