是否有可能编写一个模板，根据某个成员函数是否定义在类上而改变行为?
下面是我想写的一个简单的例子:
template<class T>
std::string optionalToString(T* obj)
{
if (FUNCTION_EXISTS(T->toString))
return obj->toString();
else
return "toString not defined";
}
因此，如果类T定义了toString()，那么它就使用它;否则，它就不会。我不知道如何做的神奇部分是“FUNCTION_EXISTS”部分。
当前回答
c++允许SFINAE用于此(注意，在c++ 11特性中，这更简单，因为它支持在几乎任意表达式上扩展SFINAE -下面的代码是为使用常见的c++ 03编译器而设计的):
#define HAS_MEM_FUNC(func, name) \
template<typename T, typename Sign> \
struct name { \
typedef char yes[1]; \
typedef char no [2]; \
template <typename U, U> struct type_check; \
template <typename _1> static yes &chk(type_check<Sign, &_1::func > *); \
template <typename > static no &chk(...); \
static bool const value = sizeof(chk<T>(0)) == sizeof(yes); \
}
上面的模板和宏尝试实例化一个模板，给它一个成员函数指针类型，以及实际的成员函数指针。如果类型不匹配，SFINAE会导致模板被忽略。用法:
HAS_MEM_FUNC(toString, has_to_string);
template<typename T> void
doSomething() {
if(has_to_string<T, std::string(T::*)()>::value) {
...
} else {
...
}
}
但是注意，你不能在if分支中调用toString函数。由于编译器将在两个分支中检查有效性，因此在函数不存在的情况下会失败。一种方法是再次使用SFINAE (enable_if也可以从boost中获得):
template<bool C, typename T = void>
struct enable_if {
typedef T type;
};
template<typename T>
struct enable_if<false, T> { };
HAS_MEM_FUNC(toString, has_to_string);
template<typename T>
typename enable_if<has_to_string<T,
std::string(T::*)()>::value, std::string>::type
doSomething(T * t) {
/* something when T has toString ... */
return t->toString();
}
template<typename T>
typename enable_if<!has_to_string<T,
std::string(T::*)()>::value, std::string>::type
doSomething(T * t) {
/* something when T doesnt have toString ... */
return "T::toString() does not exist.";
}
享受使用它的乐趣。它的优点是它也适用于重载的成员函数，也适用于const成员函数(记得使用std::string(T::*)() const作为成员函数指针类型!)
其他回答
一个使用SFINAE和模板部分特化的例子，通过编写Has_foo概念检查:
#include <type_traits>
struct A{};
struct B{ int foo(int a, int b);};
struct C{void foo(int a, int b);};
struct D{int foo();};
struct E: public B{};
// available in C++17 onwards as part of <type_traits>
template<typename...>
using void_t = void;
template<typename T, typename = void> struct Has_foo: std::false_type{};
template<typename T>
struct Has_foo<T, void_t<
std::enable_if_t<
std::is_same<
int,
decltype(std::declval<T>().foo((int)0, (int)0))
>::value
>
>>: std::true_type{};
static_assert(not Has_foo<A>::value, "A does not have a foo");
static_assert(Has_foo<B>::value, "B has a foo");
static_assert(not Has_foo<C>::value, "C has a foo with the wrong return. ");
static_assert(not Has_foo<D>::value, "D has a foo with the wrong arguments. ");
static_assert(Has_foo<E>::value, "E has a foo since it inherits from B");
下面是一些用法片段: *所有这些的核心都在更深处
在给定的类中检查成员x。可以是var, func, class, union或enum:
CREATE_MEMBER_CHECK(x);
bool has_x = has_member_x<class_to_check_for_x>::value;
检查成员函数void x():
//Func signature MUST have T as template variable here... simpler this way :\
CREATE_MEMBER_FUNC_SIG_CHECK(x, void (T::*)(), void__x);
bool has_func_sig_void__x = has_member_func_void__x<class_to_check_for_x>::value;
检查成员变量x:
CREATE_MEMBER_VAR_CHECK(x);
bool has_var_x = has_member_var_x<class_to_check_for_x>::value;
检查成员类x:
CREATE_MEMBER_CLASS_CHECK(x);
bool has_class_x = has_member_class_x<class_to_check_for_x>::value;
检查成员工会x:
CREATE_MEMBER_UNION_CHECK(x);
bool has_union_x = has_member_union_x<class_to_check_for_x>::value;
检查成员enum x:
CREATE_MEMBER_ENUM_CHECK(x);
bool has_enum_x = has_member_enum_x<class_to_check_for_x>::value;
检查任何成员函数x，而不考虑签名:
CREATE_MEMBER_CHECK(x);
CREATE_MEMBER_VAR_CHECK(x);
CREATE_MEMBER_CLASS_CHECK(x);
CREATE_MEMBER_UNION_CHECK(x);
CREATE_MEMBER_ENUM_CHECK(x);
CREATE_MEMBER_FUNC_CHECK(x);
bool has_any_func_x = has_member_func_x<class_to_check_for_x>::value;
OR
CREATE_MEMBER_CHECKS(x); //Just stamps out the same macro calls as above.
bool has_any_func_x = has_member_func_x<class_to_check_for_x>::value;
细节和核心:
/*
- Multiple inheritance forces ambiguity of member names.
- SFINAE is used to make aliases to member names.
- Expression SFINAE is used in just one generic has_member that can accept
any alias we pass it.
*/
//Variadic to force ambiguity of class members. C++11 and up.
template <typename... Args> struct ambiguate : public Args... {};
//Non-variadic version of the line above.
//template <typename A, typename B> struct ambiguate : public A, public B {};
template<typename A, typename = void>
struct got_type : std::false_type {};
template<typename A>
struct got_type<A> : std::true_type {
typedef A type;
};
template<typename T, T>
struct sig_check : std::true_type {};
template<typename Alias, typename AmbiguitySeed>
struct has_member {
template<typename C> static char ((&f(decltype(&C::value))))[1];
template<typename C> static char ((&f(...)))[2];
//Make sure the member name is consistently spelled the same.
static_assert(
(sizeof(f<AmbiguitySeed>(0)) == 1)
, "Member name specified in AmbiguitySeed is different from member name specified in Alias, or wrong Alias/AmbiguitySeed has been specified."
);
static bool const value = sizeof(f<Alias>(0)) == 2;
};
宏(El Diablo!):
CREATE_MEMBER_CHECK:
//Check for any member with given name, whether var, func, class, union, enum.
#define CREATE_MEMBER_CHECK(member) \
\
template<typename T, typename = std::true_type> \
struct Alias_##member; \
\
template<typename T> \
struct Alias_##member < \
T, std::integral_constant<bool, got_type<decltype(&T::member)>::value> \
> { static const decltype(&T::member) value; }; \
\
struct AmbiguitySeed_##member { char member; }; \
\
template<typename T> \
struct has_member_##member { \
static const bool value \
= has_member< \
Alias_##member<ambiguate<T, AmbiguitySeed_##member>> \
, Alias_##member<AmbiguitySeed_##member> \
>::value \
; \
}
CREATE_MEMBER_VAR_CHECK:
//Check for member variable with given name.
#define CREATE_MEMBER_VAR_CHECK(var_name) \
\
template<typename T, typename = std::true_type> \
struct has_member_var_##var_name : std::false_type {}; \
\
template<typename T> \
struct has_member_var_##var_name< \
T \
, std::integral_constant< \
bool \
, !std::is_member_function_pointer<decltype(&T::var_name)>::value \
> \
> : std::true_type {}
CREATE_MEMBER_FUNC_SIG_CHECK:
//Check for member function with given name AND signature.
#define CREATE_MEMBER_FUNC_SIG_CHECK(func_name, func_sig, templ_postfix) \
\
template<typename T, typename = std::true_type> \
struct has_member_func_##templ_postfix : std::false_type {}; \
\
template<typename T> \
struct has_member_func_##templ_postfix< \
T, std::integral_constant< \
bool \
, sig_check<func_sig, &T::func_name>::value \
> \
> : std::true_type {}
CREATE_MEMBER_CLASS_CHECK:
//Check for member class with given name.
#define CREATE_MEMBER_CLASS_CHECK(class_name) \
\
template<typename T, typename = std::true_type> \
struct has_member_class_##class_name : std::false_type {}; \
\
template<typename T> \
struct has_member_class_##class_name< \
T \
, std::integral_constant< \
bool \
, std::is_class< \
typename got_type<typename T::class_name>::type \
>::value \
> \
> : std::true_type {}
CREATE_MEMBER_UNION_CHECK:
//Check for member union with given name.
#define CREATE_MEMBER_UNION_CHECK(union_name) \
\
template<typename T, typename = std::true_type> \
struct has_member_union_##union_name : std::false_type {}; \
\
template<typename T> \
struct has_member_union_##union_name< \
T \
, std::integral_constant< \
bool \
, std::is_union< \
typename got_type<typename T::union_name>::type \
>::value \
> \
> : std::true_type {}
CREATE_MEMBER_ENUM_CHECK:
//Check for member enum with given name.
#define CREATE_MEMBER_ENUM_CHECK(enum_name) \
\
template<typename T, typename = std::true_type> \
struct has_member_enum_##enum_name : std::false_type {}; \
\
template<typename T> \
struct has_member_enum_##enum_name< \
T \
, std::integral_constant< \
bool \
, std::is_enum< \
typename got_type<typename T::enum_name>::type \
>::value \
> \
> : std::true_type {}
CREATE_MEMBER_FUNC_CHECK:
//Check for function with given name, any signature.
#define CREATE_MEMBER_FUNC_CHECK(func) \
template<typename T> \
struct has_member_func_##func { \
static const bool value \
= has_member_##func<T>::value \
&& !has_member_var_##func<T>::value \
&& !has_member_class_##func<T>::value \
&& !has_member_union_##func<T>::value \
&& !has_member_enum_##func<T>::value \
; \
}
CREATE_MEMBER_CHECKS:
//Create all the checks for one member. Does NOT include func sig checks.
#define CREATE_MEMBER_CHECKS(member) \
CREATE_MEMBER_CHECK(member); \
CREATE_MEMBER_VAR_CHECK(member); \
CREATE_MEMBER_CLASS_CHECK(member); \
CREATE_MEMBER_UNION_CHECK(member); \
CREATE_MEMBER_ENUM_CHECK(member); \
CREATE_MEMBER_FUNC_CHECK(member)
虽然这个问题是两年前的事了，但我敢补充我的答案。希望它能澄清之前无可争议的优秀解决方案。我采纳了Nicola Bonelli和Johannes Schaub非常有用的答案，并将它们合并到一个解决方案中，恕我之言，这个解决方案更易于阅读，更清晰，不需要扩展类型:
template <class Type>
class TypeHasToString
{
// This type won't compile if the second template parameter isn't of type T,
// so I can put a function pointer type in the first parameter and the function
// itself in the second thus checking that the function has a specific signature.
template <typename T, T> struct TypeCheck;
typedef char Yes;
typedef long No;
// A helper struct to hold the declaration of the function pointer.
// Change it if the function signature changes.
template <typename T> struct ToString
{
typedef void (T::*fptr)();
};
template <typename T> static Yes HasToString(TypeCheck< typename ToString<T>::fptr, &T::toString >*);
template <typename T> static No HasToString(...);
public:
static bool const value = (sizeof(HasToString<Type>(0)) == sizeof(Yes));
};
我用gcc 4.1.2检查了它。 这主要归功于尼古拉·博内利和约翰内斯·绍布，如果我的回答对你有帮助，请给他们投票:)
这就是类型特征存在的意义。不幸的是，它们必须手动定义。在你的情况下，想象一下:
template <typename T>
struct response_trait {
static bool const has_tostring = false;
};
template <>
struct response_trait<your_type_with_tostring> {
static bool const has_tostring = true;
}
是的，使用SFINAE您可以检查给定的类是否提供了特定的方法。下面是工作代码:
#include <iostream>
struct Hello
{
int helloworld() { return 0; }
};
struct Generic {};
// SFINAE test
template <typename T>
class has_helloworld
{
typedef char one;
struct two { char x[2]; };
template <typename C> static one test( decltype(&C::helloworld) ) ;
template <typename C> static two test(...);
public:
enum { value = sizeof(test<T>(0)) == sizeof(char) };
};
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
std::cout << has_helloworld<Hello>::value << std::endl;
std::cout << has_helloworld<Generic>::value << std::endl;
return 0;
}
我刚刚用Linux和gcc 4.1/4.3测试了它。我不知道它是否可以移植到运行不同编译器的其他平台。
