我个人认为java.util.ServiceLoader做得很好。你可以在这里得到一个例子。

对于jar文件的动态上传，您可以使用我对URLClassLoader的修改。这种修改对于在应用程序操作期间更改jar文件没有问题，就像标准的URLClassloader一样。所有加载的jar文件都加载到RAM中，因此独立于原始文件。

内存中的jar和JDBC类装入器

下面是一个未弃用的版本。我修改了原始版本，删除了不推荐使用的功能。

/**************************************************************************************************
 * Copyright (c) 2004, Federal University of So Carlos                                           *
 *                                                                                                *
 * All rights reserved.                                                                           *
 *                                                                                                *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted *
 * provided that the following conditions are met:                                                *
 *                                                                                                *
 *     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of      *
 *       conditions and the following disclaimer.                                                 *
 *     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of   *
 *     * conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials      *
 *     * provided with the distribution.                                                          *
 *     * Neither the name of the Federal University of So Carlos nor the names of its            *
 *     * contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software       *
 *     * without specific prior written permission.                                               *
 *                                                                                                *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS                            *
 * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT                              *
 * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR                          *
 * A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR                  *
 * CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,                          *
 * EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,                            *
 * PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR                             *
 * PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF                         *
 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING                           *
 * NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS                             *
 * SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.                                   *
 **************************************************************************************************/
/*
 * Created on Oct 6, 2004
 */
package tools;

import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.net.URL;
import java.net.URLClassLoader;

/**
 * Useful class for dynamically changing the classpath, adding classes during runtime. 
 */
public class ClasspathHacker {
    /**
     * Parameters of the method to add an URL to the System classes. 
     */
    private static final Class<?>[] parameters = new Class[]{URL.class};

    /**
     * Adds a file to the classpath.
     * @param s a String pointing to the file
     * @throws IOException
     */
    public static void addFile(String s) throws IOException {
        File f = new File(s);
        addFile(f);
    }

    /**
     * Adds a file to the classpath
     * @param f the file to be added
     * @throws IOException
     */
    public static void addFile(File f) throws IOException {
        addURL(f.toURI().toURL());
    }

    /**
     * Adds the content pointed by the URL to the classpath.
     * @param u the URL pointing to the content to be added
     * @throws IOException
     */
    public static void addURL(URL u) throws IOException {
        URLClassLoader sysloader = (URLClassLoader)ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader();
        Class<?> sysclass = URLClassLoader.class;
        try {
            Method method = sysclass.getDeclaredMethod("addURL",parameters);
            method.setAccessible(true);
            method.invoke(sysloader,new Object[]{ u }); 
        } catch (Throwable t) {
            t.printStackTrace();
            throw new IOException("Error, could not add URL to system classloader");
        }        
    }

    public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException, SecurityException, ClassNotFoundException, IllegalArgumentException, InstantiationException, IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException, NoSuchMethodException{
        addFile("C:\\dynamicloading.jar");
        Constructor<?> cs = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader().loadClass("test.DymamicLoadingTest").getConstructor(String.class);
        DymamicLoadingTest instance = (DymamicLoadingTest)cs.newInstance();
        instance.test();
    }
}

在Java 9中，URLClassLoader的答案现在会给出如下错误:

java.lang.ClassCastException: java.base/jdk.internal.loader.ClassLoaders$AppClassLoader cannot be cast to java.base/java.net.URLClassLoader

这是因为所使用的类装入器发生了变化。相反，要添加到系统类装入器，您可以通过代理使用Instrumentation API。

创建代理类:

package ClassPathAgent;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.lang.instrument.Instrumentation;
import java.util.jar.JarFile;

public class ClassPathAgent {
    public static void agentmain(String args, Instrumentation instrumentation) throws IOException {
        instrumentation.appendToSystemClassLoaderSearch(new JarFile(args));
    }
}

添加meta - inf / MANIFEST。MF并将其与代理类一起放在JAR文件中:

Manifest-Version: 1.0
Agent-Class: ClassPathAgent.ClassPathAgent

运行代理:

使用bytes -buddy-agent库将代理添加到运行的JVM中:

import java.io.File;

import net.bytebuddy.agent.ByteBuddyAgent;

public class ClassPathUtil {
    private static File AGENT_JAR = new File("/path/to/agent.jar");

    public static void addJarToClassPath(File jarFile) {
        ByteBuddyAgent.attach(AGENT_JAR, String.valueOf(ProcessHandle.current().pid()), jarFile.getPath());
    }
}

另一个使用Instrumentation的工作解决方案对我来说是有效的。它的优点是修改类加载器搜索，避免了依赖类可见性的问题:

创建代理类

对于这个例子，它必须在命令行调用的同一个jar上:

package agent;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.lang.instrument.Instrumentation;
import java.util.jar.JarFile;

public class Agent {
   public static Instrumentation instrumentation;

   public static void premain(String args, Instrumentation instrumentation) {
      Agent.instrumentation = instrumentation;
   }

   public static void agentmain(String args, Instrumentation instrumentation) {
      Agent.instrumentation = instrumentation;
   }

   public static void appendJarFile(JarFile file) throws IOException {
      if (instrumentation != null) {
         instrumentation.appendToSystemClassLoaderSearch(file);
      }
   }
}

修改MANIFEST。曼氏金融

添加对代理的引用:

Launcher-Agent-Class: agent.Agent
Agent-Class: agent.Agent
Premain-Class: agent.Agent

我实际上使用Netbeans，所以这篇文章有助于如何更改manifest.mf

运行

Launcher-Agent-Class仅在JDK 9+上支持，负责加载代理，而无需在命令行上显式定义:

 java -jar <your jar>

JDK 6+的工作方式是定义-javaagent参数:

java -javaagent:<your jar> -jar <your jar>

在运行时添加新的Jar

然后，您可以根据需要使用以下命令添加jar:

Agent.appendJarFile(new JarFile(<your file>));

我在文档中没有发现任何问题。

以防将来有人搜索这个，这种方法对我来说适用于OpenJDK 13.0.2。

我有许多需要在运行时动态实例化的类，每个类都可能具有不同的类路径。

在这段代码中，我已经有了一个名为pack的对象，它保存了一些关于我试图加载的类的元数据。getObjectFile()方法返回类的类文件的位置。getObjectRootPath()方法返回bin/目录的路径，其中包含我试图实例化的类的类文件。getLibPath()方法返回一个目录的路径，该目录包含构成该类所在模块类路径的jar文件。

File object = new File(pack.getObjectFile()).getAbsoluteFile();
Object packObject;
try {
    URLClassLoader classloader;

    List<URL> classpath = new ArrayList<>();
    classpath.add(new File(pack.getObjectRootPath()).toURI().toURL());
    for (File jar : FileUtils.listFiles(new File(pack.getLibPath()), new String[] {"jar"}, true)) {
        classpath.add(jar.toURI().toURL());
    }
    classloader = new URLClassLoader(classpath.toArray(new URL[] {}));

    Class<?> clazz = classloader.loadClass(object.getName());
    packObject = clazz.getDeclaredConstructor().newInstance();

} catch (Exception e) {
    e.printStackTrace();
    throw e;
}
return packObject;

我以前使用Maven依赖项:org.xeustechnologies:jcl-core:2.8来做这件事，但在JDK 1.8之后，它有时会冻结，并且永远不会返回在Reference::waitForReferencePendingList()中卡住“等待引用”。

我还保留了类加载器的映射，以便在我试图实例化的类与我已经实例化的类在同一个模块中时可以重用它们，我建议这样做。