Java distinguishes between two categories of exceptions (checked & unchecked). Java enforces a catch or declared requirement for checked exceptions. An exception's type determines whether an exception is checked or unchecked. All exception types that are direct or indirect subclasses of class RuntimeException are unchecked exception. All classes that inherit from class Exception but not RuntimeException are considered to be checked exceptions. Classes that inherit from class Error are considered to be unchecked. Compiler checks each method call and deceleration to determine whether the method throws checked exception. If so the compiler ensures the exception is caught or is declared in a throws clause. To satisfy the declare part of the catch-or-declare requirement, the method that generates the exception must provide a throws clause containing the checked-exception. Exception classes are defined to be checked when they are considered important enough to catch or declare.

所有这些都是受控异常。未检查的异常是RuntimeException的子类。问题不在于如何处理它们，而在于你的代码是否应该抛出它们。如果你不想让编译器告诉你你还没有处理一个异常，那么你可以使用一个未检查的(RuntimeException的子类)异常。这些应该保存在你无法恢复的情况下，比如内存不足等。

Java distinguishes between two categories of exceptions (checked & unchecked). Java enforces a catch or declared requirement for checked exceptions. An exception's type determines whether an exception is checked or unchecked. All exception types that are direct or indirect subclasses of class RuntimeException are unchecked exception. All classes that inherit from class Exception but not RuntimeException are considered to be checked exceptions. Classes that inherit from class Error are considered to be unchecked. Compiler checks each method call and deceleration to determine whether the method throws checked exception. If so the compiler ensures the exception is caught or is declared in a throws clause. To satisfy the declare part of the catch-or-declare requirement, the method that generates the exception must provide a throws clause containing the checked-exception. Exception classes are defined to be checked when they are considered important enough to catch or declare.

１ ． 如果你不确定一个异常，检查API:

java . lang . object 由java.lang.Throwable扩展 由java.lang.Exception扩展 //<-NumberFormatException是一个RuntimeException 由java.lang.IllegalArgumentException扩展 由java.lang.NumberFormatException扩展

2。是的，以及所有扩展它的异常。

3.不需要捕获和抛出相同的异常。在这种情况下，您可以显示一个新的文件对话框。

4所示。FileNotFoundException已经是一个检查异常。

5。如果期望调用someMethod的方法捕获异常，则可以抛出后者。它只是“传球”。使用它的一个例子是，如果你想在你自己的私有方法中抛出它，而在你的公共方法中处理异常。

一个很好的阅读是Oracle文档本身:http://download.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/essential/exceptions/runtime.html

Why did the designers decide to force a method to specify all uncaught checked exceptions that can be thrown within its scope? Any Exception that can be thrown by a method is part of the method's public programming interface. Those who call a method must know about the exceptions that a method can throw so that they can decide what to do about them. These exceptions are as much a part of that method's programming interface as its parameters and return value. The next question might be: "If it's so good to document a method's API, including the exceptions it can throw, why not specify runtime exceptions too?" Runtime exceptions represent problems that are the result of a programming problem, and as such, the API client code cannot reasonably be expected to recover from them or to handle them in any way. Such problems include arithmetic exceptions, such as dividing by zero; pointer exceptions, such as trying to access an object through a null reference; and indexing exceptions, such as attempting to access an array element through an index that is too large or too small.

在Java语言规范中还有一些重要的信息:

在throws子句中命名的受控异常类是方法或构造函数的实现者和用户之间契约的一部分。

IMHO的底线是，您可以捕获任何RuntimeException，但不需要这样做，事实上，实现不需要维护抛出的相同的未检查异常，因为这些异常不是契约的一部分。

为了回答最后一个问题(上面的其他问题似乎都得到了彻底的回答)，“我应该冒泡出确切的异常还是使用exception掩盖它?”

我猜你的意思是这样的:

public void myMethod() throws Exception {
    // ... something that throws FileNotFoundException ...
}

不，总是声明尽可能精确的异常，或者一个这样的列表。你声明你的方法能够抛出的异常是你的方法和调用者之间契约的一部分。抛出"FileNotFoundException"意味着可能文件名无效，无法找到该文件;调用者需要聪明地处理这个问题。抛出异常意味着“嘿，该死的事情发生了。交易。”这是一个非常糟糕的API。

在第一篇文章的注释中有一些例子，其中“throws Exception”是一个有效且合理的声明，但对于您所编写的大多数“正常”代码来说，情况并非如此。

所有异常都必须是检查异常。

Unchecked exceptions are unrestricted gotos. And unrestricted gotos are considered a bad thing. Unchecked exceptions break encapsulation. To process them correctly, all the functions in the call tree between the thrower and the catcher must be known to avoid bugs. Exceptions are errors in the function that throws them but not errors in the function that processes them. The purpose of exceptions is to give the program a second chance by deferring the decision of whether it's an error or not to another context. It's only in the other context can the correct decision be made.