我根据Nultyi的回答选择了一个:

MISSING=$(dpkg --get-selections $PACKAGES 2>&1 | grep -v 'install$' | awk '{ print $6 }')
# Optional check here to skip bothering with apt-get if $MISSING is empty
sudo apt-get install $MISSING

基本上，来自dpkg——get-selections的错误消息比其他大多数错误消息更容易解析，因为它不包括“deinstall”这样的状态。它还可以同时检查多个包，这是仅使用错误代码无法做到的。

解释/例子:

$ dpkg --get-selections  python3-venv python3-dev screen build-essential jq
dpkg: no packages found matching python3-venv
dpkg: no packages found matching python3-dev
screen                                          install
build-essential                                 install
dpkg: no packages found matching jq

因此grep从列表中删除已安装的包，awk从错误消息中提取包名，导致MISSING='python3-venv python3-dev jq'，它可以简单地插入到安装命令中。

我不是盲目地发布apt-get install $PACKAGES，因为正如评论中提到的，这可能会意外地升级你没有计划的包;对于期望稳定的自动化流程来说，这并不是一个好主意。

Ubuntu添加了它的“个人包存档”(PPA)，而PPA包有不同的结果。

A native Debian repository package is not installed: ~$ dpkg-query -l apache-perl ~$ echo $? 1 A PPA package registered on the host and installed: ~$ dpkg-query -l libreoffice ~$ echo $? 0 A PPA package registered on the host, but not installed: ~$ dpkg-query -l domy-ce ~$ echo $? 0 ~$ sudo apt-get remove domy-ce [sudo] password for user: Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Package domy-ce is not installed, so not removed 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.

测试APT中是否安装了软件包

有点以你的为基础，只是更“优雅”一点。只是因为我很无聊。

#!/bin/bash
FOUND=("\033[38;5;10m")
NOTFOUND=("\033[38;5;9m")
PKG="${@:1}"
command ${PKG} &>/dev/null
if [[ $? != 0 ]]; then
    echo -e "${NOTFOUND}[!] ${PKG} not found [!]"
    echo -e "${NOTFOUND}[!] Would you like to install ${PKG} now ? [!]"
    read -p "[Y/N] >$ " ANSWER
    if [[ ${ANSWER} == [yY] || ${ANSWER} == [yY][eE][sS] ]]; then
        if grep -q "bian" /etc/os-release; then
            sudo apt-get install ${PKG}
        elif grep -q "arch" /etc/os-release; then
            if [[ -f /bin/yay ]] || [[ -f /bin/yaourt ]]; then
                yaourt -S ${PKG} 2>./err || yay -S ${PKG} 2>./err
            else
                sudo pacman -S ${PKG}
            fi
        elif grep -q "fedora" /etc/os-release; then
             sudo dnf install ${PKG}
        else
            echo -e "${NOTFOUND}[!] This script couldn't detect your package manager [!]"
            echo -e "${NOTFOUND}[!] Manually install it [!]"
        fi
    elif [[ ${ANSWER} == [nN] || ${ANSWER} == [nN][oO] ]]; then
        echo -e "${NOTFOUND}[!] Exiting [!]"
    fi
else
    echo -e "${FOUND}[+] ${PKG} found [+]"
fi

apt list [packagename]

这似乎是在DPKG和旧apt-*工具之外最简单的方法。

受到克里斯回答的启发:

#! /bin/bash

installed() {
    return $(dpkg-query -W -f '${Status}\n' "${1}" 2>&1|awk '/ok installed/{print 0;exit}{print 1}')
}

pkgs=(libgl1-mesa-dev xorg-dev vulkan-tools libvulkan-dev vulkan-validationlayers-dev spirv-tools)
missing_pkgs=""

for pkg in ${pkgs[@]}; do
    if ! $(installed $pkg) ; then
        missing_pkgs+=" $pkg"
    fi
done

if [ ! -z "$missing_pkgs" ]; then
    cmd="sudo apt install -y $missing_pkgs"
    echo $cmd
fi

要检查是否安装了packagename，输入:

dpkg -s <packagename>

您还可以使用dpkg-query，它的输出更简洁，而且还接受通配符。

dpkg-query -l <packagename>

要找到哪个包拥有该命令，请尝试:

dpkg -S `which <command>`

有关更多详细信息，请参见文章“了解Linux中是否安装了软件包”和dpkg备忘单。