我正在处理一个大型项目(对我来说)，它将有许多类，需要可扩展，但我不确定如何规划我的程序以及类需要如何交互。
几个学期前我上了一门OOD课程，从中学到了很多东西;比如编写UML，并将需求文档转换为对象和类。我们也学过序列图但不知怎么的我错过了这节课，我没能记住它们。
在之前的项目中，我尝试使用从课程中学到的方法，但通常在我说“是的，这看起来像我想要的东西”时，我就会以代码结束，我不想再挖掘出新的功能。
我有一本Steve McConnell的《Code Complete》，我经常在这里和其他地方听到它的神奇之处。我读了关于设计的章节，似乎没有得到我想要的信息。我知道他说这不是一个固定的过程，它主要是基于启发式，但我似乎不能把他所有的信息都应用到我的项目中。
那么，在高级设计阶段(在开始编程之前)，你要做些什么来确定你需要什么类(特别是那些不基于任何“现实世界对象”的类)以及它们如何相互交互?
我特别感兴趣的是你使用的方法是什么?你遵循什么样的过程，通常会产生一个良好的，干净的设计，将接近最终产品?
当前回答
我用于初始设计(得到类图)的步骤是:
Requirements gathering. Talk to the client and factor out the use cases to define what functionality the software should have. Compose a narrative of the individual use cases. Go through the narrative and highlight nouns (person, place, thing), as candidate classes and verbs (actions), as methods / behaviors. Discard duplicate nouns and factor out common functionality. Create a class diagram. If you're a Java developer, NetBeans 6.7 from Sun has a UML module that allows for diagramming as well as round-trip engineering and it's FREE. Eclipse (an open source Java IDE), also has a modeling framework, but I have no experience with it. You may also want to try out ArgoUML, an open source tool. Apply OOD principles to organize your classes (factor out common functionality, build hierarchies, etc.)
其他回答
恐怕人们不愿意听到这样的回答。无论如何，让我陈述我的观点。
OOP should be viewed as one of the paradigms, not as the superior paradigm. OOP is good for solving certain kind of problems, like developing a GUI library. It also fits into the style of software development usually followed by large software companies - an elite team of designers or architects lays down the software design in UML diagrams or some other similar medium and a less enlightened team of developers translate that design into source code. OOP offer little benefit if you are working alone or with a small team of highly talented programmers. Then, it is better to use a language that supports multiple paradigms and will help you to come up with a prototype fast. Python, Ruby, Lisp/Scheme etc are good choices. The prototype is your design. Then you improve on that. Use the paradigm that is best to solve the problem at hand. If needed, optimize hot spots with extensions written in C or some other systems language. By using one of these languages, you also get extensibility for free, not just at the programmer level but also at the user level. Languages like Lisp can dynamically generate and execute code, which means your users can extend the application by writing small code snippets, in the language that the software itself is coded! Or if you choose to write the program in C or C++, consider embedding an interpreter for a small language like Lua. Expose functionalities as plugins written in that language.
我认为，大多数时候OOP和OOD所创造的软件都是过度设计的受害者。
总之，我喜欢的写软件的方式是:
使用动态语言。 用这种语言编写设计(原型)。 如果有必要，使用C/ c++优化某些领域。 通过实现语言本身的解释器提供可扩展性。
最后一个特性使软件能够轻松地适应特定用户(包括我自己!)的需求。
学习和掌握设计模式。 接下来，学习领域驱动设计 之后，学习需求收集
我上了几个学期的OOD课程 回来后，我学到了很多;就像 编写UML和翻译 将需求文档转换为对象 和类。我们学过序列 图表也有，但不知怎么的，我错过了 讲座之类的，他们没有 跟紧我。
You know about the step 3. You need to master it. I mean, via a lot of practice to make it become your second nature. That's because the method you learn, is simply against the way we used to have. So you need to really master it. Otherwise, you will always find yourself go back to your original way of doing thing. This is somehow like Test Driven Process, where a lot of java developer give it up after a few tries. Unless they fully master it, otherwise it's just a burden to them Write use cases, especially for alternate course. Alternate course occupy more than 50% of our development time. Normally when your PM assign you a task, for instance, create a login system, he will think it's straight forward, you can take 1 day to finish it off. But he never take into account that you need to consider, 1. what if user key in wrong password, 2. what if user key in wrong password for 3 times, 3. what if user doesn't type in user name and etc. You need to list them out, and show it to your PM, ask him to reschedule the deadline.
它经常被重复，但完全正确——理解你的数据。
对于面向对象编程，你的类应该描述重要的信息片段以及它们如何交互。
如果您有一个心智模型，它很好地描述了数据的行为和生命周期，那么您将很容易布局您的类。
这句话其实是“确切地知道你要做什么”的延伸。
我认为这里的答案应该是非常不同的，这取决于这个人在现实世界中的经验。
如果你只有一两年的工作经验，那么你必须明白这一点:你如何才能真正了解你的数据，并确切地了解你要做的事情?
是的，如果您已经在现实世界中工作了5年以上，那么您可以在许多软件开发过程模型或技术中选择任何一种。
但是光靠读书是得不到经验的。你应该在一个好的领导下的好团队中学习。
如果这是不可能的，那么你应该自己做。从编写一段可能非常糟糕的代码开始迭代，学习错误，丢弃所有错误，编写更好的代码等等。
您将学到很多关于代码库的知识。工具就是工具，它们不会教你任何东西。
老实说，最好是回头看看流程图和序列图。有大量的好网站告诉你如何做到这一点。当我考虑如何将程序分解为类时，我发现这是非常宝贵的，因为我确切地知道程序需要输入、计算和输出什么，并且每一步都可以分解为程序的一个部分。
