String是一个不可变的对象，这意味着值不能更改，而StringBuffer是可变的。

StringBuffer是同步的，因此是线程安全的，而StringBuilder不是，并且只适用于单线程实例。

在单线程中，由于JVM的优化，StringBuffer不会比StringBuilder慢很多。在多线程中，不能安全地使用StringBuilder。

这是我的测试（不是基准测试，只是测试）：

public static void main(String[] args) {

    String withString ="";
    long t0 = System.currentTimeMillis();
    for (int i = 0 ; i < 100000; i++){
        withString+="some string";
    }
    System.out.println("strings:" + (System.currentTimeMillis() - t0));

    t0 = System.currentTimeMillis();
    StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer();
    for (int i = 0 ; i < 100000; i++){
        buf.append("some string");
    }
    System.out.println("Buffers : "+(System.currentTimeMillis() - t0));

    t0 = System.currentTimeMillis();
    StringBuilder building = new StringBuilder();
    for (int i = 0 ; i < 100000; i++){
        building.append("some string");
    }
    System.out.println("Builder : "+(System.currentTimeMillis() - t0));
}

结果：字符串：319740缓冲区：23建设者：7！

因此，构建器比缓冲区更快，比字符串串联更快。现在让我们为多个线程使用Executor：

public class StringsPerf {

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        ThreadPoolExecutor executorService = (ThreadPoolExecutor) Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
        //With Buffer
        StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer();
        for (int i = 0 ; i < 10; i++){
            executorService.execute(new AppendableRunnable(buffer));
        }
        shutdownAndAwaitTermination(executorService);
        System.out.println(" Thread Buffer : "+ AppendableRunnable.time);

        //With Builder
        AppendableRunnable.time = 0;
        executorService = (ThreadPoolExecutor) Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
        StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
        for (int i = 0 ; i < 10; i++){
            executorService.execute(new AppendableRunnable(builder));
        }
        shutdownAndAwaitTermination(executorService);
        System.out.println(" Thread Builder: "+ AppendableRunnable.time);

    }

   static void shutdownAndAwaitTermination(ExecutorService pool) {
        pool.shutdown(); // code reduced from Official Javadoc for Executors
        try {
            if (!pool.awaitTermination(60, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
                pool.shutdownNow();
                if (!pool.awaitTermination(60, TimeUnit.SECONDS))
                    System.err.println("Pool did not terminate");
            }
        } catch (Exception e) {}
    }
}

class AppendableRunnable<T extends Appendable> implements Runnable {

    static long time = 0;
    T appendable;
    public AppendableRunnable(T appendable){
        this.appendable = appendable;
    }

    @Override
    public void run(){
        long t0 = System.currentTimeMillis();
        for (int j = 0 ; j < 10000 ; j++){
            try {
                appendable.append("some string");
            } catch (IOException e) {}
        }
        time+=(System.currentTimeMillis() - t0);
    }
}

现在StringBuffers需要157毫秒才能完成100000次追加。这不是同一个测试，但与之前的37毫秒相比，您可以放心地假设，使用多线程时，StringBuffers追加的速度较慢。原因是JIT/hotspot/compiler/something在检测到不需要检查锁时会进行优化。

但是对于StringBuilder，您有java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException，因为并发线程试图在不应该添加的地方添加一些内容。

结论是，您不必追逐StringBuffers。如果您有线程，在尝试获得几纳秒之前，请考虑它们正在做什么。

StringBuilder不是线程安全的。字符串缓冲区是。更多信息请点击此处。

编辑：至于性能，在热点启动后，StringBuilder是赢家。然而，对于较小的迭代，性能差异可以忽略不计。

字符串缓冲区是可变的。它可以在长度和内容方面改变。StringBuffers是线程安全的，这意味着它们有同步的方法来控制访问，这样一次只有一个线程可以访问StringBuffer对象的同步代码。因此，StringBuffer对象在多线程环境中使用通常是安全的，因为多个线程可能同时尝试访问同一StringBuffer。

字符串拼接StringBuilder类与StringBuffer非常相似，只是它的访问不同步，因此不是线程安全的。通过不同步，StringBuilder的性能可以优于StringBuffer。因此，如果您在单线程环境中工作，使用StringBuilder而不是StringBuffer可能会提高性能。这也适用于其他情况，例如StringBuilder局部变量（即方法中的变量），其中只有一个线程将访问StringBuilder对象。

检查StringBuffer的同步追加方法和StringBuilder的非同步追加方法的内部。

字符串缓冲区：

public StringBuffer(String str) {
    super(str.length() + 16);
    append(str);
}

public synchronized StringBuffer append(Object obj) {
    super.append(String.valueOf(obj));
    return this;
}

public synchronized StringBuffer append(String str) {
    super.append(str);
    return this;
}

StringBuilder：

public StringBuilder(String str) {
    super(str.length() + 16);
    append(str);
}

public StringBuilder append(Object obj) {
    return append(String.valueOf(obj));
}

public StringBuilder append(String str) {
    super.append(str);
    return this;
}

由于追加是同步的，因此与多线程场景中的StrinbBuilder相比，StringBuffer具有性能开销。只要不在多个线程之间共享缓冲区，就可以使用StringBuilder，因为缺少同步的追加方法，所以速度很快。

一个简单的程序说明了StringBuffer和StringBuilder之间的区别：

/**
 * Run this program a couple of times. We see that the StringBuilder does not
 * give us reliable results because its methods are not thread-safe as compared
 * to StringBuffer.
 * 
 * For example, the single append in StringBuffer is thread-safe, i.e.
 * only one thread can call append() at any time and would finish writing
 * back to memory one at a time. In contrast, the append() in the StringBuilder 
 * class can be called concurrently by many threads, so the final size of the 
 * StringBuilder is sometimes less than expected.
 * 
 */
public class StringBufferVSStringBuilder {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {

        int n = 10; 

        //*************************String Builder Test*******************************//
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        StringBuilderTest[] builderThreads = new StringBuilderTest[n];
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            builderThreads[i] = new StringBuilderTest(sb);
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            builderThreads[i].start();
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            builderThreads[i].join();
        }
        System.out.println("StringBuilderTest: Expected result is 1000; got " + sb.length());

        //*************************String Buffer Test*******************************//

        StringBuffer sb2 = new StringBuffer();
        StringBufferTest[] bufferThreads = new StringBufferTest[n];
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            bufferThreads[i] = new StringBufferTest(sb2);
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            bufferThreads[i].start();
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            bufferThreads[i].join();
        }
        System.out.println("StringBufferTest: Expected result is 1000; got " + sb2.length());

    }

}

// Every run would attempt to append 100 "A"s to the StringBuilder.
class StringBuilderTest extends Thread {

    StringBuilder sb;

    public StringBuilderTest (StringBuilder sb) {
        this.sb = sb;
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
        for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
            sb.append("A");
        }

    }
}


//Every run would attempt to append 100 "A"s to the StringBuffer.
class StringBufferTest extends Thread {

    StringBuffer sb2;

    public StringBufferTest (StringBuffer sb2) {
        this.sb2 = sb2;
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
        for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
            sb2.append("A");
        }

    }
}