如何生成列表的所有排列?例如:
permutations([])
[]
permutations([1])
[1]
permutations([1, 2])
[1, 2]
[2, 1]
permutations([1, 2, 3])
[1, 2, 3]
[1, 3, 2]
[2, 1, 3]
[2, 3, 1]
[3, 1, 2]
[3, 2, 1]
如何生成列表的所有排列?例如:
permutations([])
[]
permutations([1])
[1]
permutations([1, 2])
[1, 2]
[2, 1]
permutations([1, 2, 3])
[1, 2, 3]
[1, 3, 2]
[2, 1, 3]
[2, 3, 1]
[3, 1, 2]
[3, 2, 1]
当前回答
此解决方案实现了一个生成器,以避免在内存中保留所有排列:
def permutations (orig_list):
if not isinstance(orig_list, list):
orig_list = list(orig_list)
yield orig_list
if len(orig_list) == 1:
return
for n in sorted(orig_list):
new_list = orig_list[:]
pos = new_list.index(n)
del(new_list[pos])
new_list.insert(0, n)
for resto in permutations(new_list[1:]):
if new_list[:1] + resto <> orig_list:
yield new_list[:1] + resto
其他回答
def permutation(word, first_char=None):
if word == None or len(word) == 0: return []
if len(word) == 1: return [word]
result = []
first_char = word[0]
for sub_word in permutation(word[1:], first_char):
result += insert(first_char, sub_word)
return sorted(result)
def insert(ch, sub_word):
arr = [ch + sub_word]
for i in range(len(sub_word)):
arr.append(sub_word[i:] + ch + sub_word[:i])
return arr
assert permutation(None) == []
assert permutation('') == []
assert permutation('1') == ['1']
assert permutation('12') == ['12', '21']
print permutation('abc')
输出:['abc','acb','bac','bca','cab','cba']
#!/usr/bin/env python
def perm(a, k=0):
if k == len(a):
print a
else:
for i in xrange(k, len(a)):
a[k], a[i] = a[i] ,a[k]
perm(a, k+1)
a[k], a[i] = a[i], a[k]
perm([1,2,3])
输出:
[1, 2, 3]
[1, 3, 2]
[2, 1, 3]
[2, 3, 1]
[3, 2, 1]
[3, 1, 2]
当我交换列表的内容时,需要一个可变的序列类型作为输入。例如,烫发(list(“ball”)会起作用,而烫发(“ball”)不会起作用,因为你不能更改字符串。
这种Python实现的灵感来自Horowitz、Sahni和Rajasekeran在《计算机算法》一书中提出的算法。
如果不想使用内置方法,例如:
import itertools
list(itertools.permutations([1, 2, 3]))
你可以自己实现permute函数
from collections.abc import Iterable
def permute(iterable: Iterable[str]) -> set[str]:
perms = set()
if len(iterable) == 1:
return {*iterable}
for index, char in enumerate(iterable):
perms.update([char + perm for perm in permute(iterable[:index] + iterable[index + 1:])])
return perms
if __name__ == '__main__':
print(permute('abc'))
# {'bca', 'abc', 'cab', 'acb', 'cba', 'bac'}
print(permute(['1', '2', '3']))
# {'123', '312', '132', '321', '213', '231'}
人们确实可以对每个排列的第一个元素进行迭代,正如tzwen的答案。然而,这样编写此解决方案更有效:
def all_perms(elements):
if len(elements) <= 1:
yield elements # Only permutation possible = no permutation
else:
# Iteration over the first element in the result permutation:
for (index, first_elmt) in enumerate(elements):
other_elmts = elements[:index]+elements[index+1:]
for permutation in all_perms(other_elmts):
yield [first_elmt] + permutation
这个解决方案大约快了30%,显然是因为递归以len(元素)<=1而不是0结尾。它的内存效率也高得多,因为它使用了一个生成器函数(通过yield),就像Riccardo Reyes的解决方案一样。
对于Python 2.6及以上版本:
import itertools
itertools.permutations([1, 2, 3])
这将作为生成器返回。使用列表(排列(xs))作为列表返回。