通过使用Http，我们调用一个方法来进行网络调用，并返回一个Http可观察对象:
getCustomer() {
return this.http.get('/someUrl').map(res => res.json());
}
如果我们获取这个可观察对象并向其添加多个订阅者:
let network$ = getCustomer();
let subscriber1 = network$.subscribe(...);
let subscriber2 = network$.subscribe(...);
我们要做的是确保这不会导致多个网络请求。
这似乎是一个不寻常的场景，但实际上很常见:例如，如果调用者订阅了可观察对象以显示错误消息，并使用异步管道将其传递给模板，那么我们已经有两个订阅者了。
在RxJs 5中正确的方法是什么?
也就是说，这似乎工作得很好:
getCustomer() {
return this.http.get('/someUrl').map(res => res.json()).share();
}
但是这是RxJs 5中惯用的方法吗，或者我们应该用别的方法来代替?
注意:根据Angular 5的新HttpClient，所有示例中的.map(res => res. JSON())部分现在都是无用的，因为现在默认假设JSON结果。
只需使用这个缓存层，它就可以完成您需要的一切，甚至还可以管理ajax请求的缓存。
http://www.ravinderpayal.com/blogs/12Jan2017-Ajax-Cache-Mangement-Angular2-Service.html
用起来就这么简单
@Component({
selector: 'home',
templateUrl: './html/home.component.html',
styleUrls: ['./css/home.component.css'],
})
export class HomeComponent {
constructor(AjaxService:AjaxService){
AjaxService.postCache("/api/home/articles").subscribe(values=>{console.log(values);this.articles=values;});
}
articles={1:[{data:[{title:"first",sort_text:"description"},{title:"second",sort_text:"description"}],type:"Open Source Works"}]};
}
层(作为一个可注入的angular服务)是
import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
import { Http, Response} from '@angular/http';
import { Observable } from 'rxjs/Observable';
import './../rxjs/operator'
@Injectable()
export class AjaxService {
public data:Object={};
/*
private dataObservable:Observable<boolean>;
*/
private dataObserver:Array<any>=[];
private loading:Object={};
private links:Object={};
counter:number=-1;
constructor (private http: Http) {
}
private loadPostCache(link:string){
if(!this.loading[link]){
this.loading[link]=true;
this.links[link].forEach(a=>this.dataObserver[a].next(false));
this.http.get(link)
.map(this.setValue)
.catch(this.handleError).subscribe(
values => {
this.data[link] = values;
delete this.loading[link];
this.links[link].forEach(a=>this.dataObserver[a].next(false));
},
error => {
delete this.loading[link];
}
);
}
}
private setValue(res: Response) {
return res.json() || { };
}
private handleError (error: Response | any) {
// In a real world app, we might use a remote logging infrastructure
let errMsg: string;
if (error instanceof Response) {
const body = error.json() || '';
const err = body.error || JSON.stringify(body);
errMsg = `${error.status} - ${error.statusText || ''} ${err}`;
} else {
errMsg = error.message ? error.message : error.toString();
}
console.error(errMsg);
return Observable.throw(errMsg);
}
postCache(link:string): Observable<Object>{
return Observable.create(observer=> {
if(this.data.hasOwnProperty(link)){
observer.next(this.data[link]);
}
else{
let _observable=Observable.create(_observer=>{
this.counter=this.counter+1;
this.dataObserver[this.counter]=_observer;
this.links.hasOwnProperty(link)?this.links[link].push(this.counter):(this.links[link]=[this.counter]);
_observer.next(false);
});
this.loadPostCache(link);
_observable.subscribe(status=>{
if(status){
observer.next(this.data[link]);
}
}
);
}
});
}
}
我写了一个缓存类，
/**
* Caches results returned from given fetcher callback for given key,
* up to maxItems results, deletes the oldest results when full (FIFO).
*/
export class StaticCache
{
static cachedData: Map<string, any> = new Map<string, any>();
static maxItems: number = 400;
static get(key: string){
return this.cachedData.get(key);
}
static getOrFetch(key: string, fetcher: (string) => any): any {
let value = this.cachedData.get(key);
if (value != null){
console.log("Cache HIT! (fetcher)");
return value;
}
console.log("Cache MISS... (fetcher)");
value = fetcher(key);
this.add(key, value);
return value;
}
static add(key, value){
this.cachedData.set(key, value);
this.deleteOverflowing();
}
static deleteOverflowing(): void {
if (this.cachedData.size > this.maxItems) {
this.deleteOldest(this.cachedData.size - this.maxItems);
}
}
/// A Map object iterates its elements in insertion order — a for...of loop returns an array of [key, value] for each iteration.
/// However that seems not to work. Trying with forEach.
static deleteOldest(howMany: number): void {
//console.debug("Deleting oldest " + howMany + " of " + this.cachedData.size);
let iterKeys = this.cachedData.keys();
let item: IteratorResult<string>;
while (howMany-- > 0 && (item = iterKeys.next(), !item.done)){
//console.debug(" Deleting: " + item.value);
this.cachedData.delete(item.value); // Deleting while iterating should be ok in JS.
}
}
static clear(): void {
this.cachedData = new Map<string, any>();
}
}
由于我们使用它的方式不同，所以它都是静态的，但是可以随意地将它变成一个正常的类和服务。我不确定angular是否会一直保持一个实例(对于Angular2来说是新的)。
我是这样使用它的:
let httpService: Http = this.http;
function fetcher(url: string): Observable<any> {
console.log(" Fetching URL: " + url);
return httpService.get(url).map((response: Response) => {
if (!response) return null;
if (typeof response.json() !== "array")
throw new Error("Graph REST should return an array of vertices.");
let items: any[] = graphService.fromJSONarray(response.json(), httpService);
return array ? items : items[0];
});
}
// If data is a link, return a result of a service call.
if (this.data[verticesLabel][name]["link"] || this.data[verticesLabel][name]["_type"] == "link")
{
// Make an HTTP call.
let url = this.data[verticesLabel][name]["link"];
let cachedObservable: Observable<any> = StaticCache.getOrFetch(url, fetcher);
if (!cachedObservable)
throw new Error("Failed loading link: " + url);
return cachedObservable;
}
我认为可能有更聪明的方法，使用一些可观察的技巧，但这对我的目的来说已经很好了。
编辑:从2021年开始，正确的方法是使用RxJs原生提出的shareReplay操作符。详见下面的回答。
缓存数据，如果可用，则返回此数据，否则发出HTTP请求。
import {Injectable} from '@angular/core';
import {Http, Headers} from '@angular/http';
import {Observable} from 'rxjs/Observable';
import 'rxjs/add/observable/of'; //proper way to import the 'of' operator
import 'rxjs/add/operator/share';
import 'rxjs/add/operator/map';
import {Data} from './data';
@Injectable()
export class DataService {
private url: string = 'https://cors-test.appspot.com/test';
private data: Data;
private observable: Observable<any>;
constructor(private http: Http) {}
getData() {
if(this.data) {
// if `data` is available just return it as `Observable`
return Observable.of(this.data);
} else if(this.observable) {
// if `this.observable` is set then the request is in progress
// return the `Observable` for the ongoing request
return this.observable;
} else {
// example header (not necessary)
let headers = new Headers();
headers.append('Content-Type', 'application/json');
// create the request, store the `Observable` for subsequent subscribers
this.observable = this.http.get(this.url, {
headers: headers
})
.map(response => {
// when the cached data is available we don't need the `Observable` reference anymore
this.observable = null;
if(response.status == 400) {
return "FAILURE";
} else if(response.status == 200) {
this.data = new Data(response.json());
return this.data;
}
// make it shared so more than one subscriber can get the result
})
.share();
return this.observable;
}
}
}
砰砰作响的例子
这篇文章https://blog.thoughtram.io/angular/2018/03/05/advanced-caching-with-rxjs.html是一个很好的解释如何缓存共享播放。
rxjs 5.4.0(2017-05-09)增加了对shareereplay的支持。
为什么使用共享回放?
当您有不希望在多个订阅者之间执行的副作用或繁重的计算时，通常需要使用shareReplay。在您知道流的后期订阅者需要访问先前发出的值的情况下，它可能也很有价值。这种在订阅上重放价值的能力是share和shareereplay的区别所在。
你可以很容易地修改一个angular服务来使用它，并返回一个带有缓存结果的可观察对象，它只会进行一次http调用(假设第一次调用成功)。
Angular服务示例
这是一个非常简单的客户服务，使用共享回放。
customer.service.ts
import { shareReplay } from 'rxjs/operators';
import { Observable } from 'rxjs';
import { HttpClient } from '@angular/common/http';
@Injectable({providedIn: 'root'})
export class CustomerService {
private readonly _getCustomers: Observable<ICustomer[]>;
constructor(private readonly http: HttpClient) {
this._getCustomers = this.http.get<ICustomer[]>('/api/customers/').pipe(shareReplay());
}
getCustomers() : Observable<ICustomer[]> {
return this._getCustomers;
}
}
export interface ICustomer {
/* ICustomer interface fields defined here */
}
注意，构造函数中的赋值可以移动到getCustomers方法，但由于HttpClient返回的可观察对象是“冷的”，因此在构造函数中这样做是可以接受的，因为http调用只会在订阅的第一个调用中进行。
此外，这里还假设初始返回的数据在应用程序实例的生命周期内不会过时。
您选择的实现将取决于是否希望unsubscribe()取消您的HTTP请求。
在任何情况下，TypeScript装饰器都是标准化行为的好方法。这是我写的:
@CacheObservableArgsKey
getMyThing(id: string): Observable<any> {
return this.http.get('things/'+id);
}
装饰器定义:
/**
* Decorator that replays and connects to the Observable returned from the function.
* Caches the result using all arguments to form a key.
* @param target
* @param name
* @param descriptor
* @returns {PropertyDescriptor}
*/
export function CacheObservableArgsKey(target: Object, name: string, descriptor: PropertyDescriptor) {
const originalFunc = descriptor.value;
const cacheMap = new Map<string, any>();
descriptor.value = function(this: any, ...args: any[]): any {
const key = args.join('::');
let returnValue = cacheMap.get(key);
if (returnValue !== undefined) {
console.log(`${name} cache-hit ${key}`, returnValue);
return returnValue;
}
returnValue = originalFunc.apply(this, args);
console.log(`${name} cache-miss ${key} new`, returnValue);
if (returnValue instanceof Observable) {
returnValue = returnValue.publishReplay(1);
returnValue.connect();
}
else {
console.warn('CacheHttpArgsKey: value not an Observable cannot publishReplay and connect', returnValue);
}
cacheMap.set(key, returnValue);
return returnValue;
};
return descriptor;
}
你可以构建一个简单的类Cacheable<>来帮助管理从多个订阅者的http服务器检索到的数据:
declare type GetDataHandler<T> = () => Observable<T>;
export class Cacheable<T> {
protected data: T;
protected subjectData: Subject<T>;
protected observableData: Observable<T>;
public getHandler: GetDataHandler<T>;
constructor() {
this.subjectData = new ReplaySubject(1);
this.observableData = this.subjectData.asObservable();
}
public getData(): Observable<T> {
if (!this.getHandler) {
throw new Error("getHandler is not defined");
}
if (!this.data) {
this.getHandler().map((r: T) => {
this.data = r;
return r;
}).subscribe(
result => this.subjectData.next(result),
err => this.subjectData.error(err)
);
}
return this.observableData;
}
public resetCache(): void {
this.data = null;
}
public refresh(): void {
this.resetCache();
this.getData();
}
}
使用
声明Cacheable<>对象(假设是服务的一部分):
list: Cacheable<string> = new Cacheable<string>();
和处理程序:
this.list.getHandler = () => {
// get data from server
return this.http.get(url)
.map((r: Response) => r.json() as string[]);
}
从组件调用:
//gets data from server
List.getData().subscribe(…)
您可以有多个组件订阅到它。
更多细节和代码示例在这里:http://devinstance.net/articles/20171021/rxjs-cacheable
