除了函数调用之外，*args和**kwargs在类层次结构中也很有用，并且还可以避免在Python中编写__init__方法。类似的用法可以在Django代码等框架中看到。

例如

def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
    for attribute_name, value in zip(self._expected_attributes, args):
        setattr(self, attribute_name, value)
        if kwargs.has_key(attribute_name):
            kwargs.pop(attribute_name)

    for attribute_name in kwargs.viewkeys():
        setattr(self, attribute_name, kwargs[attribute_name])

子类可以是

class RetailItem(Item):
    _expected_attributes = Item._expected_attributes + ['name', 'price', 'category', 'country_of_origin']

class FoodItem(RetailItem):
    _expected_attributes = RetailItem._expected_attributes +  ['expiry_date']

然后将子类实例化为

food_item = FoodItem(name = 'Jam', 
                     price = 12.0, 
                     category = 'Foods', 
                     country_of_origin = 'US', 
                     expiry_date = datetime.datetime.now())

此外，具有仅对该子类实例有意义的新属性的子类可以调用基类__init__来卸载属性设置。这是通过*args和**kwargs完成的。kwargs主要用于使用命名参数使代码可读。例如

class ElectronicAccessories(RetailItem):
    _expected_attributes = RetailItem._expected_attributes +  ['specifications']
    # Depend on args and kwargs to populate the data as needed.
    def __init__(self, specifications = None, *args, **kwargs):
        self.specifications = specifications  # Rest of attributes will make sense to parent class.
        super(ElectronicAccessories, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)

其可以被初始化为

usb_key = ElectronicAccessories(name = 'Sandisk', 
                                price = '$6.00', 
                                category = 'Electronics',
                                country_of_origin = 'CN',
                                specifications = '4GB USB 2.0/USB 3.0')

完整的代码在这里

对于那些通过实例学习的人！

*的目的是让您能够定义一个函数，该函数可以接受作为列表提供的任意数量的参数（例如f（*myList））。**的目的是通过提供字典（例如f（**{'x'：1，'y'：2}））来提供函数的参数。

让我们通过定义一个函数来展示这一点，该函数接受两个正常变量x，y，并且可以接受更多的参数作为myArgs，并且可以接收更多的参数为myKW。稍后，我们将展示如何使用myArgDict喂养y。

def f(x, y, *myArgs, **myKW):
    print("# x      = {}".format(x))
    print("# y      = {}".format(y))
    print("# myArgs = {}".format(myArgs))
    print("# myKW   = {}".format(myKW))
    print("# ----------------------------------------------------------------------")

# Define a list for demonstration purposes
myList    = ["Left", "Right", "Up", "Down"]
# Define a dictionary for demonstration purposes
myDict    = {"Wubba": "lubba", "Dub": "dub"}
# Define a dictionary to feed y
myArgDict = {'y': "Why?", 'y0': "Why not?", "q": "Here is a cue!"}

# The 1st elem of myList feeds y
f("myEx", *myList, **myDict)
# x      = myEx
# y      = Left
# myArgs = ('Right', 'Up', 'Down')
# myKW   = {'Wubba': 'lubba', 'Dub': 'dub'}
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------

# y is matched and fed first
# The rest of myArgDict becomes additional arguments feeding myKW
f("myEx", **myArgDict)
# x      = myEx
# y      = Why?
# myArgs = ()
# myKW   = {'y0': 'Why not?', 'q': 'Here is a cue!'}
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------

# The rest of myArgDict becomes additional arguments feeding myArgs
f("myEx", *myArgDict)
# x      = myEx
# y      = y
# myArgs = ('y0', 'q')
# myKW   = {}
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------

# Feed extra arguments manually and append even more from my list
f("myEx", 4, 42, 420, *myList, *myDict, **myDict)
# x      = myEx
# y      = 4
# myArgs = (42, 420, 'Left', 'Right', 'Up', 'Down', 'Wubba', 'Dub')
# myKW   = {'Wubba': 'lubba', 'Dub': 'dub'}
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------

# Without the stars, the entire provided list and dict become x, and y:
f(myList, myDict)
# x      = ['Left', 'Right', 'Up', 'Down']
# y      = {'Wubba': 'lubba', 'Dub': 'dub'}
# myArgs = ()
# myKW   = {}
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------

注意事项

**专为词典保留。非可选参数赋值首先发生。不能两次使用非可选参数。如果适用，**必须始终在*之后。

在Python 3.5中，您还可以在列表、字典、元组和集合显示（有时也称为文字）中使用此语法。参见PEP 488：其他解包概括。

>>> (0, *range(1, 4), 5, *range(6, 8))
(0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7)
>>> [0, *range(1, 4), 5, *range(6, 8)]
[0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7]
>>> {0, *range(1, 4), 5, *range(6, 8)}
{0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7}
>>> d = {'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3}
>>> e = {'six': 6, 'seven': 7}
>>> {'zero': 0, **d, 'five': 5, **e}
{'five': 5, 'seven': 7, 'two': 2, 'one': 1, 'three': 3, 'six': 6, 'zero': 0}

它还允许在单个函数调用中解包多个可迭代项。

>>> range(*[1, 10], *[2])
range(1, 10, 2)

（感谢mgilson提供PEP链接。）

*args（或*any）表示每个参数

def any_param(*param):
    pass

any_param(1)
any_param(1,1)
any_param(1,1,1)
any_param(1,...)

注意：不能将参数传递给*args

def any_param(*param):
    pass

any_param() # will work correct

*参数的类型为元组

def any_param(*param):
    return type(param)

any_param(1) #tuple
any_param() # tuple

用于访问不使用的元素*

def any(*param):
    param[0] # correct

def any(*param):
    *param[0] # incorrect

**千瓦时

**kwd或**任何这是字典类型

def func(**any):
    return type(any) # dict

def func(**any):
    return any

func(width="10",height="20") # {width="10",height="20")

单*表示可以有任意数量的额外位置参数。foo（）可以像foo（1,2,3,4,5）一样调用。在foo（）的主体中，param2是一个包含2-5的序列。

双**表示可以有任意数量的额外命名参数。bar（）可以像bar（1，a=2，b=3）一样调用。在bar（）的主体中，param2是一个字典，其中包含｛‘a‘：2，‘b‘：3｝

使用以下代码：

def foo(param1, *param2):
    print(param1)
    print(param2)

def bar(param1, **param2):
    print(param1)
    print(param2)

foo(1,2,3,4,5)
bar(1,a=2,b=3)

输出为

1
(2, 3, 4, 5)
1
{'a': 2, 'b': 3}

*args和**kwargs：允许您向函数传递可变数量的参数。

*args：用于向函数发送非关键字可变长度参数列表：

def args(normal_arg, *argv):
    print("normal argument:", normal_arg)

    for arg in argv:
        print("Argument in list of arguments from *argv:", arg)

args('animals', 'fish', 'duck', 'bird')

将产生：

normal argument: animals
Argument in list of arguments from *argv: fish
Argument in list of arguments from *argv: duck
Argument in list of arguments from *argv: bird

**夸尔斯*

**kwargs允许您向函数传递关键字可变长度的参数。如果要处理函数中的命名参数，应使用**kwargs。

def who(**kwargs):
    if kwargs is not None:
        for key, value in kwargs.items():
            print("Your %s is %s." % (key, value))

who(name="Nikola", last_name="Tesla", birthday="7.10.1856", birthplace="Croatia")  

将产生：

Your name is Nikola.
Your last_name is Tesla.
Your birthday is 7.10.1856.
Your birthplace is Croatia.