根据大小有四种类型的整数:

短整数:2字节 长整数:4字节 Long Long integer: 8字节 整数:取决于编译器(16位、32位或64位)

正如其他人回答的那样，“标准”都将大部分细节保留为“实现定义的”，只声明类型“char”的宽度至少为“char_bis”，并且“char <= short <= int <= long <= long long”(浮点数和双精度浮点数与IEEE浮点标准基本一致，长双精度浮点数通常与双精度浮点数相同——但在更当前的实现中可能更大)。

Part of the reasons for not having very specific and exact values is because languages like C/C++ were designed to be portable to a large number of hardware platforms--Including computer systems in which the "char" word-size may be 4-bits or 7-bits, or even some value other than the "8-/16-/32-/64-bit" computers the average home computer user is exposed to. (Word-size here meaning how many bits wide the system normally operates on--Again, it's not always 8-bits as home computer users may expect.)

If you really need a object (in the sense of a series of bits representing an integral value) of a specific number of bits, most compilers have some method of specifying that; But it's generally not portable, even between compilers made by the ame company but for different platforms. Some standards and practices (especially limits.h and the like) are common enough that most compilers will have support for determining at the best-fit type for a specific range of values, but not the number of bits used. (That is, if you know you need to hold values between 0 and 127, you can determine that your compiler supports an "int8" type of 8-bits which will be large enought to hold the full range desired, but not something like an "int7" type which would be an exact match for 7-bits.)

注意:使用了许多Un*x源包”。/configure”脚本，它将探测编译器/系统的功能，并输出一个合适的Makefile和config.h。您可以检查其中一些脚本，看看它们是如何工作的，以及它们如何探测编译器/系统功能，并遵循它们的指导。

不，字体大小没有标准。标准只要求:

sizeof(short int) <= sizeof(int) <= sizeof(long int)

如果你想要一个固定大小的变量，你能做的最好的事情就是像这样使用宏:

#ifdef SYSTEM_X
  #define WORD int
#else
  #define WORD long int
#endif

然后可以使用WORD定义变量。不是说我喜欢这个，而是说这是最方便的方式。

如果您对纯c++解决方案感兴趣，我使用模板和仅c++标准代码在编译时根据位大小定义类型。 这使得解决方案可以跨编译器移植。

背后的想法很简单:创建一个包含类型char, int, short, long, long long(有符号和无符号版本)的列表，然后扫描列表，并使用numeric_limits模板选择具有给定大小的类型。

包括这个头，你得到8类型stdtype::int8, stdtype::int16, stdtype::int32, stdtype::int64, stdtype::uint8, stdtype::uint16, stdtype::uint32, stdtype::uint64。

如果某些类型不能被表示，它将被计算为stdtype::null_type，也在该头文件中声明。

以下代码没有保修，请仔细检查。 我也是元编程的新手，请随意编辑和更正此代码。 使用devc++进行测试(因此gcc版本在3.5左右)

#include <limits>

namespace stdtype
{
    using namespace std;


    /*
     * THIS IS THE CLASS USED TO SEMANTICALLY SPECIFY A NULL TYPE.
     * YOU CAN USE WHATEVER YOU WANT AND EVEN DRIVE A COMPILE ERROR IF IT IS 
     * DECLARED/USED.
     *
     * PLEASE NOTE that C++ std define sizeof of an empty class to be 1.
     */
    class null_type{};

    /*
     *  Template for creating lists of types
     *
     *  T is type to hold
     *  S is the next type_list<T,S> type
     *
     *  Example:
     *   Creating a list with type int and char: 
     *      typedef type_list<int, type_list<char> > test;
     *      test::value         //int
     *      test::next::value   //char
     */
    template <typename T, typename S> struct type_list
    {
        typedef T value;
        typedef S next;         

    };




    /*
     * Declaration of template struct for selecting a type from the list
     */
    template <typename list, int b, int ctl> struct select_type;


    /*
     * Find a type with specified "b" bit in list "list"
     *
     * 
     */
    template <typename list, int b> struct find_type
    {   
        private:
            //Handy name for the type at the head of the list
            typedef typename list::value cur_type;

            //Number of bits of the type at the head
            //CHANGE THIS (compile time) exp TO USE ANOTHER TYPE LEN COMPUTING
            enum {cur_type_bits = numeric_limits<cur_type>::digits};

        public:
            //Select the type at the head if b == cur_type_bits else
            //select_type call find_type with list::next
            typedef  typename select_type<list, b, cur_type_bits>::type type;
    };

    /*
     * This is the specialization for empty list, return the null_type
     * OVVERRIDE this struct to ADD CUSTOM BEHAVIOR for the TYPE NOT FOUND case
     * (ie search for type with 17 bits on common archs)
     */
    template <int b> struct find_type<null_type, b>
    {   
        typedef null_type type;

    };


    /*
     * Primary template for selecting the type at the head of the list if
     * it matches the requested bits (b == ctl)
     *
     * If b == ctl the partial specified templated is evaluated so here we have
     * b != ctl. We call find_type on the next element of the list
     */
    template <typename list, int b, int ctl> struct select_type
    {   
            typedef  typename find_type<typename list::next, b>::type type; 
    };

    /*
     * This partial specified templated is used to select top type of a list
     * it is called by find_type with the list of value (consumed at each call)
     * the bits requested (b) and the current type (top type) length in bits
     *
     * We specialice the b == ctl case
     */
    template <typename list, int b> struct select_type<list, b, b>
    {
            typedef typename list::value type;
    };


    /*
     * These are the types list, to avoid possible ambiguity (some weird archs)
     * we kept signed and unsigned separated
     */

    #define UNSIGNED_TYPES type_list<unsigned char,         \
        type_list<unsigned short,                           \
        type_list<unsigned int,                             \
        type_list<unsigned long,                            \
        type_list<unsigned long long, null_type> > > > >

    #define SIGNED_TYPES type_list<signed char,         \
        type_list<signed short,                         \
        type_list<signed int,                           \
        type_list<signed long,                          \
        type_list<signed long long, null_type> > > > >



    /*
     * These are acutally typedef used in programs.
     * 
     * Nomenclature is [u]intN where u if present means unsigned, N is the 
     * number of bits in the integer
     *
     * find_type is used simply by giving first a type_list then the number of 
     * bits to search for.
     *
     * NB. Each type in the type list must had specified the template 
     * numeric_limits as it is used to compute the type len in (binary) digit.
     */
    typedef find_type<UNSIGNED_TYPES, 8>::type  uint8;
    typedef find_type<UNSIGNED_TYPES, 16>::type uint16;
    typedef find_type<UNSIGNED_TYPES, 32>::type uint32;
    typedef find_type<UNSIGNED_TYPES, 64>::type uint64;

    typedef find_type<SIGNED_TYPES, 7>::type    int8;
    typedef find_type<SIGNED_TYPES, 15>::type   int16;
    typedef find_type<SIGNED_TYPES, 31>::type   int32;
    typedef find_type<SIGNED_TYPES, 63>::type   int64;

}

c++标准没有以字节为单位指定整型的大小，但它指定了它们必须能够容纳的最小范围。您可以从所需的范围推断出最小大小(以位为单位)。您可以从该值和CHAR_BIT宏的值推断出以字节为单位的最小大小，CHAR_BIT宏定义了字节中的比特数。除了最不知名的平台，其他平台都是8，而且不能小于8。

char的另一个限制是它的大小总是1字节，或CHAR_BIT位(因此得名)。这在标准中有明确的说明。

C标准是c++标准的规范参考，所以即使它没有明确地说明这些要求，c++也要求C标准所要求的最小范围(第22页)，这与MSDN上的数据类型范围相同:

signed char: -127 to 127 (note, not -128 to 127; this accommodates 1's-complement and sign-and-magnitude platforms) unsigned char: 0 to 255 "plain" char: same range as signed char or unsigned char, implementation-defined signed short: -32767 to 32767 unsigned short: 0 to 65535 signed int: -32767 to 32767 unsigned int: 0 to 65535 signed long: -2147483647 to 2147483647 unsigned long: 0 to 4294967295 signed long long: -9223372036854775807 to 9223372036854775807 unsigned long long: 0 to 18446744073709551615

c++(或C)实现可以用bytes sizeof(type)定义类型的大小为任何值，只要

表达式sizeof(type) * CHAR_BIT计算为足够高的位数，以包含所需的范围，并且 类型的顺序仍然有效(例如sizeof(int) <= sizeof(long))。

综上所述，我们可以保证:

Char，有符号Char和无符号Char至少是8位 有符号short、无符号short、有符号int和无符号int至少是16位 有符号长和无符号长至少是32位 有符号long long和无符号long long至少是64位

对于float或double类型的大小没有任何保证，除非double类型提供的精度至少与float类型相同。

实际的特定于实现的范围可以在C中的<limits.h>头文件中找到，或者在c++中的<climits>头文件中找到(或者更好的是，在<limits>头文件中找到模板化std::numeric_limits)。

例如，这是你如何找到int的最大范围:

C:

#include <limits.h>
const int min_int = INT_MIN;
const int max_int = INT_MAX;

C++:

#include <limits>
const int min_int = std::numeric_limits<int>::min();
const int max_int = std::numeric_limits<int>::max();

对于32位系统，“事实上”的标准是ILP32——也就是说，int、long和pointer都是32位的量。

对于64位系统，主要的Unix“事实上”标准是LP64 -长和指针是64位(但int是32位)。Windows 64位标准是LLP64 - long long和pointer是64位(但long和int都是32位)。

曾经，一些Unix系统使用ILP64组织。

这些事实上的标准没有一个是由C标准(ISO/IEC 9899:1999)立法的，但都是被C标准所允许的。

并且，根据定义，sizeof(char)是1，尽管在Perl配置脚本中进行了测试。

注意，有些机器(Crays) CHAR_BIT远大于8。这意味着，IIRC sizeof(int)也是1，因为char和int都是32位的。