我认为Bullet类层次结构和相关联的多态性是正确的方法。通过使用元类，可以有效地重载基类构造函数，这样调用基类就会创建适当的子类对象。下面是一些示例代码，以说明我的意思的本质。
更新
代码已被修改为在Python 2和Python 3下运行，以保持相关性。这样做的方式避免了使用Python的显式元类语法，这在两个版本之间是不同的。
为了实现这一目标，在创建Bullet基类时显式调用元类来创建BulletMeta类的BulletMetaBase实例(而不是使用__metaclass__= class属性或根据Python版本使用元类关键字参数)。
class BulletMeta(type):
def __new__(cls, classname, bases, classdict):
""" Create Bullet class or a subclass of it. """
classobj = type.__new__(cls, classname, bases, classdict)
if classname != 'BulletMetaBase':
if classname == 'Bullet': # Base class definition?
classobj.registry = {} # Initialize subclass registry.
else:
try:
alias = classdict['alias']
except KeyError:
raise TypeError("Bullet subclass %s has no 'alias'" %
classname)
if alias in Bullet.registry: # unique?
raise TypeError("Bullet subclass %s's alias attribute "
"%r already in use" % (classname, alias))
# Register subclass under the specified alias.
classobj.registry[alias] = classobj
return classobj
def __call__(cls, alias, *args, **kwargs):
""" Bullet subclasses instance factory.
Subclasses should only be instantiated by calls to the base
class with their subclass' alias as the first arg.
"""
if cls != Bullet:
raise TypeError("Bullet subclass %r objects should not to "
"be explicitly constructed." % cls.__name__)
elif alias not in cls.registry: # Bullet subclass?
raise NotImplementedError("Unknown Bullet subclass %r" %
str(alias))
# Create designated subclass object (call its __init__ method).
subclass = cls.registry[alias]
return type.__call__(subclass, *args, **kwargs)
class Bullet(BulletMeta('BulletMetaBase', (object,), {})):
# Presumably you'd define some abstract methods that all here
# that would be supported by all subclasses.
# These definitions could just raise NotImplementedError() or
# implement the functionality is some sub-optimal generic way.
# For example:
def fire(self, *args, **kwargs):
raise NotImplementedError(self.__class__.__name__ + ".fire() method")
# Abstract base class's __init__ should never be called.
# If subclasses need to call super class's __init__() for some
# reason then it would need to be implemented.
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
raise NotImplementedError("Bullet is an abstract base class")
# Subclass definitions.
class Bullet1(Bullet):
alias = 'B1'
def __init__(self, sprite, start, direction, speed):
print('creating %s object' % self.__class__.__name__)
def fire(self, trajectory):
print('Bullet1 object fired with %s trajectory' % trajectory)
class Bullet2(Bullet):
alias = 'B2'
def __init__(self, sprite, start, headto, spead, acceleration):
print('creating %s object' % self.__class__.__name__)
class Bullet3(Bullet):
alias = 'B3'
def __init__(self, sprite, script): # script controlled bullets
print('creating %s object' % self.__class__.__name__)
class Bullet4(Bullet):
alias = 'B4'
def __init__(self, sprite, curve, speed): # for bullets with curved paths
print('creating %s object' % self.__class__.__name__)
class Sprite: pass
class Curve: pass
b1 = Bullet('B1', Sprite(), (10,20,30), 90, 600)
b2 = Bullet('B2', Sprite(), (-30,17,94), (1,-1,-1), 600, 10)
b3 = Bullet('B3', Sprite(), 'bullet42.script')
b4 = Bullet('B4', Sprite(), Curve(), 720)
b1.fire('uniform gravity')
b2.fire('uniform gravity')
输出:
creating Bullet1 object
creating Bullet2 object
creating Bullet3 object
creating Bullet4 object
Bullet1 object fired with uniform gravity trajectory
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "python-function-overloading.py", line 93, in <module>
b2.fire('uniform gravity') # NotImplementedError: Bullet2.fire() method
File "python-function-overloading.py", line 49, in fire
raise NotImplementedError(self.__class__.__name__ + ".fire() method")
NotImplementedError: Bullet2.fire() method