受到@SteveLazaridis的答案的启发，这是一个POSIX shell函数-只需复制并粘贴到yout $PATH中名为cpx的文件中，并使其可执行(chmod a+x cpr)。[源代码现在维护在我的GitLab中。

#!/bin/sh

# usage: cpx [-n|--dry-run] "from_path" "to_path" "newline_separated_exclude_list"
# limitations: only excludes from "from_path", not it's subdirectories

cpx() {
# run in subshell to avoid collisions
  (_CopyWithExclude "$@")
}

_CopyWithExclude() {
  case "$1" in
    -n|--dry-run) { DryRun='echo'; shift; } ;;
  esac

  from="$1"
  to="$2"
  exclude="$3"

  $DryRun mkdir -p "$to"

  if [ -z "$exclude" ]; then
      cp "$from" "$to"
      return
  fi

  ls -A1 "$from" \
    | while IFS= read -r f; do
        unset excluded
        if [ -n "$exclude" ]; then
          for x in $(printf "$exclude"); do
          if [ "$f" = "$x" ]; then
              excluded=1
              break
          fi
          done
        fi
        f="${f#$from/}"
        if [ -z "$excluded" ]; then
          $DryRun cp -R "$f" "$to"
        else
          [ -n "$DryRun" ] && echo "skip '$f'"
        fi
      done
}

# Do not execute if being sourced
[ "${0#*cpx}" != "$0" ] && cpx "$@"

示例使用

EXCLUDE="
.git
my_secret_stuff
"
cpr "$HOME/my_stuff" "/media/usb" "$EXCLUDE"

受到@SteveLazaridis的答案的启发，这是一个POSIX shell函数-只需复制并粘贴到yout $PATH中名为cpx的文件中，并使其可执行(chmod a+x cpr)。[源代码现在维护在我的GitLab中。

#!/bin/sh

# usage: cpx [-n|--dry-run] "from_path" "to_path" "newline_separated_exclude_list"
# limitations: only excludes from "from_path", not it's subdirectories

cpx() {
# run in subshell to avoid collisions
  (_CopyWithExclude "$@")
}

_CopyWithExclude() {
  case "$1" in
    -n|--dry-run) { DryRun='echo'; shift; } ;;
  esac

  from="$1"
  to="$2"
  exclude="$3"

  $DryRun mkdir -p "$to"

  if [ -z "$exclude" ]; then
      cp "$from" "$to"
      return
  fi

  ls -A1 "$from" \
    | while IFS= read -r f; do
        unset excluded
        if [ -n "$exclude" ]; then
          for x in $(printf "$exclude"); do
          if [ "$f" = "$x" ]; then
              excluded=1
              break
          fi
          done
        fi
        f="${f#$from/}"
        if [ -z "$excluded" ]; then
          $DryRun cp -R "$f" "$to"
        else
          [ -n "$DryRun" ] && echo "skip '$f'"
        fi
      done
}

# Do not execute if being sourced
[ "${0#*cpx}" != "$0" ] && cpx "$@"

示例使用

EXCLUDE="
.git
my_secret_stuff
"
cpr "$HOME/my_stuff" "/media/usb" "$EXCLUDE"

类似于Jeff的想法(未经测试):

find . -name * -print0 | grep -v "exclude" | xargs -0 -I {} cp -a {} destination/

简单的解决方案(但我仍然更喜欢从顶部注释匹配bash模式):

touch /path/to/target/.git
cp -n -ax * /path/to/target/
rm /path/to/target/.git

这将利用cp的-n选项，强制cp不覆盖现有目标。

缺点:适用于GNU cp。如果您没有GNU cp，那么cp操作可能会返回一个错误代码(1)，这很烦人，因为这样您就无法判断它是否是一个真正的失败。

你可以使用tar，带——exclude选项，然后在destination中解tar。如

cd /source_directory
tar cvf test.tar --exclude=dir_to_exclude *
mv test.tar /destination 
cd /destination  
tar xvf test.tar

有关更多信息，请参阅tar的手册页

EXCLUDE="foo bar blah jah"                                                                             
DEST=$1

for i in *
do
    for x in $EXCLUDE
    do  
        if [ $x != $i ]; then
            cp -a $i $DEST
        fi  
    done
done

未经考验的……