我用真实的场景来解释3个话题 假设你想去艾哈迈达巴德到孟买旅行，但你不知道怎么走，所以你决定使用地图应用程序(谷歌Maps)。

很正常但效率很低的一种方法是，你可以在开车前看完整的路径，然后你开始开车并到达目的地。

平行-你可以不断地驾驶和观察路径。 异步-你的朋友和你在车里，你给他你的手机打开地图应用程序，告诉他看地图和指导你。 同时行驶——你开了几公里，把车停在一边，看地图，找方向，然后继续开车。

Concurrency Concurrency means that an application is making progress on more than one task at the same time (concurrently). Well, if the computer only has one CPU the application may not make progress on more than one task at exactly the same time, but more than one task is being processed at a time inside the application. It does not completely finish one task before it begins the next. Parallelism Parallelism means that an application splits its tasks up into smaller subtasks which can be processed in parallel, for instance on multiple CPUs at the exact same time. Concurrency vs. Parallelism In Detail As you can see, concurrency is related to how an application handles multiple tasks it works on. An application may process one task at at time (sequentially) or work on multiple tasks at the same time (concurrently). Parallelism on the other hand, is related to how an application handles each individual task. An application may process the task serially from start to end, or split the task up into subtasks which can be completed in parallel. As you can see, an application can be concurrent, but not parallel. This means that it processes more than one task at the same time, but the tasks are not broken down into subtasks. An application can also be parallel but not concurrent. This means that the application only works on one task at a time, and this task is broken down into subtasks which can be processed in parallel. Additionally, an application can be neither concurrent nor parallel. This means that it works on only one task at a time, and the task is never broken down into subtasks for parallel execution. Finally, an application can also be both concurrent and parallel, in that it both works on multiple tasks at the same time, and also breaks each task down into subtasks for parallel execution. However, some of the benefits of concurrency and parallelism may be lost in this scenario, as the CPUs in the computer are already kept reasonably busy with either concurrency or parallelism alone. Combining it may lead to only a small performance gain or even performance loss. Make sure you analyze and measure before you adopt a concurrent parallel model blindly.

从http://tutorials.jenkov.com/java-concurrency/concurrency-vs-parallelism.html

并发与并行: 并发在一个时间点上只能完成一个任务。例如:单CPU处理器 并行性在一个点上我们可以做多个任务。例如:双核或多核处理器

并发性可能发生在以下几种场景中:

异步——这意味着你的程序执行非阻塞操作。例如，它可以通过HTTP发起对远程资源的请求，然后在等待接收响应的同时继续执行一些其他任务。这有点像你发了一封电子邮件，然后继续你的生活，没有等待回复。

并行性——这意味着您的程序利用多核机器的硬件，通过将工作分解为任务，在同一时间执行任务，每个任务都在单独的核心上执行。这有点像洗澡时唱歌:你实际上是在同时做两件事。

多线程——这是一种允许不同线程并发执行的软件实现。多线程程序似乎同时在做几件事，即使它运行在单核机器上。这有点像通过各种IM窗口与不同的人聊天;虽然你实际上是在来回切换，但最终结果是你同时进行了多个对话。

“同步和异步是编程模型。并发和并行是任务执行的方式……” 来源:https://medium.com/better - programming/sync vs -异步并发- vs - vs - 5754 cdb60f66平行

换句话说，同步和异步描述了在进行函数调用时程序如何执行(它是等待还是继续执行?)，而并发和并行描述了函数(任务)将如何执行(并发=可能同时执行，并行=有效地同时执行)。

我会让它简短而有趣，让你们能够理解这些概念。

并发与并行——任务执行的方式。

Take an example in real life: There’s a challenge that requires you to both eat a whole huge cake and sing a whole song. You’ll win if you’re the fastest who sings the whole song and finishes the cake. So the rule is that you sing and eat concurrently. How you do that does not belong to the rule. You can eat the whole cake, then sing the whole song, or you can eat half a cake, then sing half a song, then do that again, etc. Parallelism is a specific kind of concurrency where tasks are really executed simultaneously. In computer science, parallelism can only be achieved in multicore environments.

同步与异步——编程模型。

在同步中，您将代码编写为按顺序从上到下执行的步骤 底部。在异步编程模型中，你将代码作为任务编写， 然后并发执行。并发执行意味着 所有的任务都可能同时执行。