“同步和异步是编程模型。并发和并行是任务执行的方式……” 来源:https://medium.com/better - programming/sync vs -异步并发- vs - vs - 5754 cdb60f66平行

换句话说，同步和异步描述了在进行函数调用时程序如何执行(它是等待还是继续执行?)，而并发和并行描述了函数(任务)将如何执行(并发=可能同时执行，并行=有效地同时执行)。

每个人都很难将异步与并行或并发相关联，因为异步既不是并行的反义词，也不是并发的反义词。它是同步的反义词。它只是表示某些东西，在这个例子中是线程，是否会与其他东西同步，在这个例子中是另一个线程。

并发是指多个任务的执行是交错的，而不是每个任务依次执行。

并行性是指这些任务实际上是并行执行的。

异步是一个单独的概念(尽管在某些上下文中是相关的)。它指的是一个事件可能发生在与另一个事件不同的时间(不同步)。下面的图表说明了同步执行和异步执行之间的区别，其中参与者可以对应于不同的线程、进程甚至服务器。

总结

并发(Concurrent):多件事情似乎同时发生(具有在并发任务之间快速切换的能力;它们是并发的，因为每个任务都想要一块资源，CPU等等。)

并行是指同时发生多件事情(执行线程的数量与执行内核的数量密切相关)

异步是简单的非阻塞，当我们必须等待的事情不会让我们忙于等待(需要某种通知机制从我们离开的地方继续)

当一个经理有几个员工，并且可以给他们每个人一个单独的任务时，并行性就会发生。工人们做他们的工作，并向经理提供结果。如果任务不能完全分离，例如任务之间的结果有一定的依赖性，或者需要在没有其他推理的情况下使用相同的资源，那么并行度就受到这些约束，不能完全实现。

Concurrency happens when a manager has several tasks but only less workers, hence some workers are given more than one task. Any worker given multiple tasks, divides each original given task to several steps and does the steps interleaved, each task result will be given back to manager as soon as every steps of it finished. Manager receive a task result while other tasks started and progressed several steps but have not finished yet. If any worker with multiple task decides not to start a single step of a given task before finishing every steps of an already started task, this is called sequentiality.

Asynchrony is any of the two above mixed or separated, seen from the manager's point of view. When the manager assigns the tasks to either few or enough workers he shall not be awaited stalled until any results are given back. He can do his personal jobs or whatever, while jobs are progressing. Usually workers do not decide how tasks should be divided into steps. An inversion of control means manager decides over steps and gives single steps to workers. So when he receives a step result from a worker, give him another step, maybe from another task. The whom under control is responsible for composing back step results into task results as well. So Asynchronicity comes with responsibility for control and probably coordination. If any worker is urged to work sequentially, from manager's point of view he is a synchronous worker.

Summary As it's simple to guess, full parallelism is an unrealisable idea unless otherwise in rare mostly trivial cases. Since reality comes with interdependent tasks and shared resources and lack of workers. So concurrency is the reality. From manager's point of view this concurrency is best if it does not hinder him from fine controlling the tasks, and if positive it is called asynchronous. Also computer software engineering best practices, augmented by S in SOLID principle, historically made servers single step runners called micro-services, this returned back control to the clients. So current situation is concurrency from server point of view and asynchronicity from client point of view.

并发+并行都意味着同时运行多个任务。我看到一些人认为这是有区别的，但这取决于你咨询的参考文献，没有真正的正确或错误的答案。

Asynchronous: In some communities this means non-blocking code, which can mean two things: It almost always means it will not block an OS thread. However, non-blocking can optionally mean that the next line of source code in a function will continue to run without delay. In Python await asyncio.sleep(5) blocks execution of the function, but not the OS thread, and that is considered async. In Golang, you have "goroutines" that similarly to Python's await, they block execution of code, but not OS threads, however, this is not referred to as async in the Golang community. It's just concurrent programming.