我正在尽最大努力理解JavaScript闭包。
通过返回一个内部函数，它可以访问直接父函数中定义的任何变量。
这对我有什么用?也许我还没完全搞清楚。我在网上看到的大多数示例都没有提供任何真实的代码，只是一些模糊的示例。
有人能告诉我一个闭包的真实用法吗?
比如这个吗?
var warnUser = function (msg) {
var calledCount = 0;
return function() {
calledCount++;
alert(msg + '\nYou have been warned ' + calledCount + ' times.');
};
};
var warnForTamper = warnUser('You can not tamper with our HTML.');
warnForTamper();
warnForTamper();
当前回答
闭包是一种创建生成器的有用方法，它是一个按需递增的序列:
var foobar = function（i）{var count = count || i; return function（）{return ++count;}} 巴兹 = 福巴（1）; console.log（“First Call： ” + baz（））;2 console.log（“第二次调用： ” + baz（））;3
区别总结如下:
Anonymous functions Defined functions Cannot be used as a method Can be used as a method of an object Exists only in the scope in which it is defined Exists within the object it is defined in Can only be called in the scope in which it is defined Can be called at any point in the code Can be reassigned a new value or deleted Cannot be deleted or changed
参考文献
AS3基础知识:功能
其他回答
我已经使用闭包做了如下的事情:
a = (function () {
var privatefunction = function () {
alert('hello');
}
return {
publicfunction : function () {
privatefunction();
}
}
})();
正如你在那里看到的，a现在是一个对象，它有一个方法publicfunction(a.publicfunction())，它调用privatefunction，它只存在于闭包中。你不能直接调用privatefunction(即a.b ratefunction())，只能调用publicfunction()。
这是一个最小的例子，但也许你可以看到它的用途?我们使用它来强制公共/私有方法。
这个帖子极大地帮助我更好地理解闭包是如何工作的。
从那以后，我自己做了一些实验，并提出了这个相当简单的代码，它可能会帮助其他人了解如何以实际的方式使用闭包，以及如何在不同的级别上使用闭包来维护类似于静态和/或全局变量的变量，而不会有它们被覆盖或与全局变量混淆的风险。
这将跟踪按钮点击，无论是在本地级别上的每个按钮，还是在全局级别上的每个按钮，计算每个按钮的点击，为单个数字做出贡献。请注意，我没有使用任何全局变量来完成此操作，这是练习的要点—拥有一个可以应用于任何按钮的处理程序，该按钮也对全局具有贡献。
专家们，如果我在这里犯了什么错误，请告诉我!我自己也在学习这些东西。
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Closures on button presses</title>
<script type="text/javascript">
window.addEventListener("load" , function () {
/*
Grab the function from the first closure,
and assign to a temporary variable
this will set the totalButtonCount variable
that is used to count the total of all button clicks
*/
var buttonHandler = buttonsCount();
/*
Using the result from the first closure (a function is returned)
assign and run the sub closure that carries the
individual variable for button count and assign to the click handlers
*/
document.getElementById("button1").addEventListener("click" , buttonHandler() );
document.getElementById("button2").addEventListener("click" , buttonHandler() );
document.getElementById("button3").addEventListener("click" , buttonHandler() );
// Now that buttonHandler has served its purpose it can be deleted if needs be
buttonHandler = null;
});
function buttonsCount() {
/*
First closure level
- totalButtonCount acts as a sort of global counter to count any button presses
*/
var totalButtonCount = 0;
return function () {
// Second closure level
var myButtonCount = 0;
return function (event) {
// Actual function that is called on the button click
event.preventDefault();
/*
Increment the button counts.
myButtonCount only exists in the scope that is
applied to each event handler and therefore acts
to count each button individually, whereas because
of the first closure totalButtonCount exists at
the scope just outside, it maintains a sort
of static or global variable state
*/
totalButtonCount++;
myButtonCount++;
/*
Do something with the values ... fairly pointless
but it shows that each button contributes to both
its own variable and the outer variable in the
first closure
*/
console.log("Total button clicks: "+totalButtonCount);
console.log("This button count: "+myButtonCount);
}
}
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<a href="#" id="button1">Button 1</a>
<a href="#" id="button2">Button 2</a>
<a href="#" id="button3">Button 3</a>
</body>
</html>
是的，这是一个有用闭包的好例子。对warnUser的调用在其作用域中创建calledCount变量，并返回一个匿名函数，该函数存储在warnForTamper变量中。因为仍然有一个使用calledCount变量的闭包，所以在函数退出时不会删除它，所以每次调用warnForTamper()都会增加作用域变量并提醒该值。
我在Stack Overflow上看到的最常见的问题是，有人想要“延迟”使用在每次循环中增加的变量，但因为变量是有作用域的，所以对变量的每次引用都是在循环结束后，导致变量的结束状态:
for (var i = 0; i < someVar.length; i++)
window.setTimeout(function () {
alert("Value of i was "+i+" when this timer was set" )
}, 10000);
这将导致每个警报都显示相同的i值，即循环结束时它增加到的值。解决方案是创建一个新的闭包，一个变量的独立作用域。这可以使用一个立即执行的匿名函数来完成，该函数接收变量并将其状态存储为参数:
for (var i = 0; i < someVar.length; i++)
(function (i) {
window.setTimeout(function () {
alert("Value of i was " + i + " when this timer was set")
}, 10000);
})(i);
假设，你想统计用户在网页上点击按钮的次数。
为此，您将在按钮的onclick事件上触发一个函数来更新变量的计数
<button onclick="updateClickCount()">click me</button>
现在有很多方法，比如:
你可以使用一个全局变量和一个函数来增加计数器: Var计数器= 0; 函数updatecickcount () { + +计数器; //用counter做一些事情 ｝ 但是，问题在于页面上的任何脚本都可以更改计数器，而不需要调用updatecickcount()。
现在，你可能在考虑在函数内部声明变量: 函数updatecickcount () { Var计数器= 0; + +计数器; //用counter做一些事情 ｝ 但是,嘿!每次调用updateClickCount()函数时，计数器再次被设置为1。
Thinking about nested functions? Nested functions have access to the scope "above" them. In this example, the inner function updateClickCount() has access to the counter variable in the parent function countWrapper(): function countWrapper() { var counter = 0; function updateClickCount() { ++counter; // Do something with counter } updateClickCount(); return counter; } This could have solved the counter dilemma, if you could reach the updateClickCount() function from the outside and you also need to find a way to execute counter = 0 only once not everytime.
Closure to the rescue! (self-invoking function): var updateClickCount = (function(){ var counter = 0; return function(){ ++counter; // Do something with counter } })(); The self-invoking function only runs once. It sets the counter to zero (0), and returns a function expression. This way updateClickCount becomes a function. The "wonderful" part is that it can access the counter in the parent scope. This is called a JavaScript closure. It makes it possible for a function to have "private" variables. The counter is protected by the scope of the anonymous function, and can only be changed using the updateClickCount() function!
一个关于闭包的更生动的例子
< >脚本 var updatecickcount =(函数(){ Var计数器= 0; 返回函数(){ + +计数器; . getelementbyid(“spnCount”)。innerHTML =计数器; ｝ })（); > < /脚本 < html > <按钮onclick = " updateClickCount ()“>点击我> < /按钮 <div>你点击了 <span id="spnCount"> 0 </span> times! < / div > < / html >
参考:JavaScript闭包
JavaScript模块模式使用闭包。它的良好模式允许你拥有类似“公共”和“私有”变量的东西。
var myNamespace = (function () {
var myPrivateVar, myPrivateMethod;
// A private counter variable
myPrivateVar = 0;
// A private function which logs any arguments
myPrivateMethod = function(foo) {
console.log(foo);
};
return {
// A public variable
myPublicVar: "foo",
// A public function utilizing privates
myPublicFunction: function(bar) {
// Increment our private counter
myPrivateVar++;
// Call our private method using bar
myPrivateMethod(bar);
}
};
})();
