如何在Python中声明常量?

在Java中,我们做:

public static final String CONST_NAME = "Name";

当前回答

您可以将一个常量包装在numpy数组中,将其标记为仅写,并始终通过下标0调用它。

import numpy as np

# declare a constant
CONSTANT = 'hello'

# put constant in numpy and make read only
CONSTANT = np.array([CONSTANT])
CONSTANT.flags.writeable = False
# alternatively: CONSTANT.setflags(write=0)

# call our constant using 0 index    
print 'CONSTANT %s' % CONSTANT[0]

# attempt to modify our constant with try/except
new_value = 'goodbye'
try:
    CONSTANT[0] = new_value
except:
    print "cannot change CONSTANT to '%s' it's value '%s' is immutable" % (
        new_value, CONSTANT[0])

# attempt to modify our constant producing ValueError
CONSTANT[0] = new_value



>>>
CONSTANT hello
cannot change CONSTANT to 'goodbye' it's value 'hello' is immutable
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "shuffle_test.py", line 15, in <module>
    CONSTANT[0] = new_value
ValueError: assignment destination is read-only

当然,这只保护numpy的内容,而不是变量“CONSTANT”本身;你仍然可以:

CONSTANT = 'foo'

和CONSTANT会改变,然而,这将很快抛出TypeError第一次在脚本中调用CONSTANT[0]。

尽管……我想如果你在某个时候把它改成

CONSTANT = [1,2,3]

现在你不会再得到TypeError了。嗯……

https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.setflags.html

其他回答

在Python中,不能将变量或值声明为常量。


为了让程序员知道变量是常量,通常用大写:

CONST_NAME = "Name"

要在常量发生变化时引发异常,请参阅Alex Martelli的《Python中的常量》。注意,这在实践中并不常用。


从Python 3.8开始,有一个类型。最后一个变量注释,它将告诉静态类型检查器(如myypy)您的变量不应该被重新分配。这是最接近于Java的final。然而,它实际上并不能阻止重新分配:

from typing import Final

a: Final[int] = 1

# Executes fine, but mypy will report an error if you run mypy on this:
a = 2

在Python中,人们使用命名约定,例如私有方法使用__method,受保护方法使用_method。

所以用同样的方式,你可以简单地将常量声明为全大写,例如:

MY_CONSTANT = "one"

如果你想让这个常量永远不变,你可以挂钩到属性访问并做一些技巧,但更简单的方法是声明一个函数:

def MY_CONSTANT():
    return "one"

唯一的问题是,在任何地方都必须执行MY_CONSTANT(),但MY_CONSTANT = "one"在Python中是正确的方式(通常)。


你也可以使用namedtuple()来创建常量:

>>> from collections import namedtuple
>>> Constants = namedtuple('Constants', ['pi', 'e'])
>>> constants = Constants(3.14, 2.718)
>>> constants.pi
3.14
>>> constants.pi = 3
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: can't set attribute

您可以在下一个类的帮助下模拟常量变量。用法示例:

# Const
const = Const().add(two=2, three=3)

print 'const.two: ', const.two
print 'const.three: ', const.three

const.add(four=4)

print 'const.four: ', const.four

#const.four = 5 # a error here: four is a constant

const.add(six=6)

print 'const.six: ', const.six

const2 = Const().add(five=5) # creating a new namespace with Const()
print 'const2.five: ', const2.five
#print 'const2.four: ', const2.four # a error here: four does not exist in const2 namespace

const2.add(five=26)

当您希望启动一个新的常量名称空间时,请调用构造函数。注意,当Martelli的const类没有被修改时,这个类受到了保护,不受意外修改序列类型常量的影响。

来源如下。

from copy import copy

class Const(object):
"A class to create objects with constant fields."

def __init__(self):
    object.__setattr__(self, '_names', [])


def add(self, **nameVals):
    for name, val in nameVals.iteritems():          
        if hasattr(self, name):
            raise ConstError('A field with a name \'%s\' is already exist in Const class.' % name)

        setattr(self, name, copy(val)) # set up getter

        self._names.append(name)

    return self


def __setattr__(self, name, val):
    if name in self._names:
        raise ConstError('You cannot change a value of a stored constant.')

    object.__setattr__(self, name, val)

在Python中,常量是不存在的,但是你可以通过在变量名的开头添加CONST_并在注释中声明它是一个常量来表明变量是一个常量并且不能被改变:

myVariable = 0
CONST_daysInWeek = 7    # This is a constant - do not change its value.   
CONSTANT_daysInMonth = 30 # This is also a constant - do not change this value.

或者,你可以创建一个像常量一样的函数:

def CONST_daysInWeek():
    return 7;

这并不完全是常数,但从python 3.7开始,你可以使用如下所示的数据类模块:

from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import Final

@dataclass(frozen=True)
class A():
    a1:Final = 3

a = A()

a.a1 = 4

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
FrozenInstanceError                       Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-14-5f7f4efc5bf0> in <module>
----> 1 a.a1 = 4

<string> in __setattr__(self, name, value)

FrozenInstanceError: cannot assign to field 'a1'