问题是某些第三方库需要文件路径名而不是输入流。大多数答案都没有提到这个问题。

在这种情况下，一种解决方法是将资源内容复制到临时文件中。下面的例子使用了jUnit的TemporaryFolder。

    private List<String> decomposePath(String path){
        List<String> reversed = Lists.newArrayList();
        File currFile = new File(path);
        while(currFile != null){
            reversed.add(currFile.getName());
            currFile = currFile.getParentFile();
        }
        return Lists.reverse(reversed);
    }

    private String writeResourceToFile(String resourceName) throws IOException {
        ClassLoader loader = getClass().getClassLoader();
        InputStream configStream = loader.getResourceAsStream(resourceName);
        List<String> pathComponents = decomposePath(resourceName);
        folder.newFolder(pathComponents.subList(0, pathComponents.size() - 1).toArray(new String[0]));
        File tmpFile = folder.newFile(resourceName);
        Files.copy(configStream, tmpFile.toPath(), REPLACE_EXISTING);
        return tmpFile.getAbsolutePath();
    }

我找到了解决办法

BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(Main.class.getResourceAsStream(path)));

将“Main”替换为您编写它的java类。将“path”替换为jar文件中的路径。

例如，如果你把State1.txt放在com.issac包中。如果你运行的是Linux或Mac，那么输入路径为“/com/issac/state/State1”。如果你运行的是Windows，那么输入路径为“\com\issac\state\State1”。除非出现“文件未找到”异常，否则不要将.txt扩展名添加到文件中。

到目前为止(2017年12月)，这是我发现的唯一一个在IDE内部和外部都可以工作的解决方案。

使用PathMatchingResourcePatternResolver

注意:它也适用于spring-boot

在这个例子中，我读取了src/main/resources/my_folder中的一些文件:

try {
    // Get all the files under this inner resource folder: my_folder
    String scannedPackage = "my_folder/*";
    PathMatchingResourcePatternResolver scanner = new PathMatchingResourcePatternResolver();
    Resource[] resources = scanner.getResources(scannedPackage);

    if (resources == null || resources.length == 0)
        log.warn("Warning: could not find any resources in this scanned package: " + scannedPackage);
    else {
        for (Resource resource : resources) {
            log.info(resource.getFilename());
            // Read the file content (I used BufferedReader, but there are other solutions for that):
            BufferedReader bufferedReader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(resource.getInputStream()));
            String line = null;
            while ((line = bufferedReader.readLine()) != null) {
                // ...
                // ...                      
            }
            bufferedReader.close();
        }
    }
} catch (Exception e) {
    throw new Exception("Failed to read the resources folder: " + e.getMessage(), e);
}

确保使用正确的分隔符。我用File.separator替换了相对路径中的all /。这在IDE中工作得很好，但是在构建JAR中却不行。

这段代码在Eclipse和Exported Runnable JAR中都可以工作

private String writeResourceToFile(String resourceName) throws IOException {
    File outFile = new File(certPath + File.separator + resourceName);

    if (outFile.isFile())
        return outFile.getAbsolutePath();
    
    InputStream resourceStream = null;
    
    // Java: In caso di JAR dentro il JAR applicativo 
    URLClassLoader urlClassLoader = (URLClassLoader)Cypher.class.getClassLoader();
    URL url = urlClassLoader.findResource(resourceName);
    if (url != null) {
        URLConnection conn = url.openConnection();
        if (conn != null) {
            resourceStream = conn.getInputStream();
        }
    }
    
    if (resourceStream != null) {
        Files.copy(resourceStream, outFile.toPath(), StandardCopyOption.REPLACE_EXISTING);
        return outFile.getAbsolutePath();
    } else {
        System.out.println("Embedded Resource " + resourceName + " not found.");
    }
    
    return "";
}   

就我而言，我终于做到了

import java.lang.Thread;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;

final BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(
      Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("file.txt"))
); // no initial slash in file.txt