为什么c#是这样设计的?

根据我的理解,一个接口只描述行为,并且服务于描述实现接口的类的契约义务。

如果类希望在共享方法中实现这种行为,为什么不应该呢?

以下是我想到的一个例子:

// These items will be displayed in a list on the screen.
public interface IListItem {
  string ScreenName();
  ...
}

public class Animal: IListItem {
    // All animals will be called "Animal".
    public static string ScreenName() {
        return "Animal";
    }
....
}

public class Person: IListItem {

    private string name;

    // All persons will be called by their individual names.
    public string ScreenName() {
        return name;
    }

    ....

 }

当前回答

这里的大多数答案似乎都没有抓住重点。多态性不仅可以在实例之间使用,还可以在类型之间使用。当我们使用泛型时,这是经常需要的。

假设我们在泛型方法中有类型参数,我们需要对它做一些操作。我们不想实例化,因为我们不知道构造函数。

例如:

Repository GetRepository<T>()
{
  //need to call T.IsQueryable, but can't!!!
  //need to call T.RowCount
  //need to call T.DoSomeStaticMath(int param)
}

...
var r = GetRepository<Customer>()

不幸的是,我只能想出一些“丑陋”的选择:

Use reflection Ugly and beats the idea of interfaces and polymorphism. Create completely separate factory class This might greatly increase the complexity of the code. For example, if we are trying to model domain objects, each object would need another repository class. Instantiate and then call the desired interface method This can be hard to implement even if we control the source for the classes, used as generic parameters. The reason is that, for example we might need the instances to be only in well-known, "connected to DB" state.

例子:

public class Customer 
{
  //create new customer
  public Customer(Transaction t) { ... }

  //open existing customer
  public Customer(Transaction t, int id) { ... }

  void SomeOtherMethod() 
  { 
    //do work...
  }
}

为了使用实例化来解决静态接口问题,我们需要做以下事情:

public class Customer: IDoSomeStaticMath
{
  //create new customer
  public Customer(Transaction t) { ... }

  //open existing customer
  public Customer(Transaction t, int id) { ... }

  //dummy instance
  public Customer() { IsDummy = true; }

  int DoSomeStaticMath(int a) { }

  void SomeOtherMethod() 
  { 
    if(!IsDummy) 
    {
      //do work...
    }
  }
}

这显然是丑陋的,也是不必要的,会使所有其他方法的代码复杂化。显然,这也不是一个优雅的解决方案!

其他回答

我的(简化的)技术原因是静态方法不在虚表中,调用站点是在编译时选择的。这和你不能有覆盖或虚拟静态成员的原因是一样的。要了解更多细节,你需要一个计算机专业毕业生或编译专家——而我两者都不是。

出于政治原因,我将引用Eric Lippert(他是一名编译器专家,拥有滑铁卢大学的数学、计算机科学和应用数学学士学位)的话:

...静态方法的核心设计原则,给它们命名的原则是…在编译时,总是可以准确地确定将调用什么方法。也就是说,可以仅通过对代码的静态分析来解析该方法。

请注意,Lippert确实为所谓的类型方法留出了空间:

也就是说,与类型相关联的方法(如静态方法),它不接受不可空的“this”参数(与实例或虚拟方法不同),而是调用的方法依赖于T的构造类型(与静态方法不同,它必须在编译时确定)。

但还没有被它的实用性所说服。

根据面向对象的概念,由类和接口实现 有合同访问这些实现的功能(或方法)使用 对象。

如果你想访问接口契约方法,你必须创建对象。对于静态方法,这是不允许的。静态类、方法和变量永远不需要对象和加载到内存中,而不需要创建该区域(或类)的对象,或者你可以说不需要对象创建。

这里的大多数答案似乎都没有抓住重点。多态性不仅可以在实例之间使用,还可以在类型之间使用。当我们使用泛型时,这是经常需要的。

假设我们在泛型方法中有类型参数,我们需要对它做一些操作。我们不想实例化,因为我们不知道构造函数。

例如:

Repository GetRepository<T>()
{
  //need to call T.IsQueryable, but can't!!!
  //need to call T.RowCount
  //need to call T.DoSomeStaticMath(int param)
}

...
var r = GetRepository<Customer>()

不幸的是,我只能想出一些“丑陋”的选择:

Use reflection Ugly and beats the idea of interfaces and polymorphism. Create completely separate factory class This might greatly increase the complexity of the code. For example, if we are trying to model domain objects, each object would need another repository class. Instantiate and then call the desired interface method This can be hard to implement even if we control the source for the classes, used as generic parameters. The reason is that, for example we might need the instances to be only in well-known, "connected to DB" state.

例子:

public class Customer 
{
  //create new customer
  public Customer(Transaction t) { ... }

  //open existing customer
  public Customer(Transaction t, int id) { ... }

  void SomeOtherMethod() 
  { 
    //do work...
  }
}

为了使用实例化来解决静态接口问题,我们需要做以下事情:

public class Customer: IDoSomeStaticMath
{
  //create new customer
  public Customer(Transaction t) { ... }

  //open existing customer
  public Customer(Transaction t, int id) { ... }

  //dummy instance
  public Customer() { IsDummy = true; }

  int DoSomeStaticMath(int a) { }

  void SomeOtherMethod() 
  { 
    if(!IsDummy) 
    {
      //do work...
    }
  }
}

这显然是丑陋的,也是不必要的,会使所有其他方法的代码复杂化。显然,这也不是一个优雅的解决方案!

I think the question is getting at the fact that C# needs another keyword, for precisely this sort of situation. You want a method whose return value depends only on the type on which it is called. You can't call it "static" if said type is unknown. But once the type becomes known, it will become static. "Unresolved static" is the idea -- it's not static yet, but once we know the receiving type, it will be. This is a perfectly good concept, which is why programmers keep asking for it. But it didn't quite fit into the way the designers thought about the language.

因为它不可用,所以我采用如下所示的方式使用非静态方法。虽然不太理想,但至少对我来说,我找不到比这更有意义的方法了。

public interface IZeroWrapper<TNumber> {
  TNumber Zero {get;}
}

public class DoubleWrapper: IZeroWrapper<double> {
  public double Zero { get { return 0; } }
}

我猜这是短视。

在最初设计时,接口仅用于类的实例

IMyInterface val = GetObjectImplementingIMyInterface();
val.SomeThingDefinedinInterface();

只有引入接口作为泛型的约束,向接口中添加静态方法才有实际用途。

(回复评论:)我认为现在更改它需要更改CLR,这将导致与现有程序集不兼容。