我无法理解在DynamoDB中使用表和数据的文档中的范围/主键是什么
它是如何工作的?
“散列属性上的无序散列索引和范围属性上的有序范围索引”是什么意思?
我无法理解在DynamoDB中使用表和数据的文档中的范围/主键是什么
它是如何工作的?
“散列属性上的无序散列索引和范围属性上的有序范围索引”是什么意思?
我有Windows 7上的OpenSSL x64，我从谷歌代码上的OpenSSL -for- Windows下载的。我试着跑:
openssl pkcs12 -export -in "path.p12" -out "newfile.pem"
但是我得到了一个错误。
unable to load private key
如何使用OpenSSL从pkcs# 12存储中提取PEM格式的证书?
刚安装El Capitan，不能安装gem eventmachine 1.0.7。Openssl的版本是1.0.2a-1。尝试使用——with-ssl-dir，但似乎被忽略了。
报告到他们的github回购以及。
任何建议都非常感谢。谢谢。
$ ls /usr/local/Cellar/openssl/1.0.2a-1/include/openssl/ssl.h
/usr/local/Cellar/openssl/1.0.2a-1/include/openssl/ssl.h
$ gem install eventmachine -v '1.0.7' -- --with-ssl-dir=/usr/local/Cellar/openssl/1.0.2a-1/include
/Users/pain/.rbenv/versions/2.1.2/bin/ruby -r ./siteconf20150612-56154-1hsjz2n.rb extconf.rb --with-ssl-dir=/usr/local/Cellar/openssl/1.0.2a-1/include
checking for rb_trap_immediate in ruby.h,rubysig.h... no
checking for rb_thread_blocking_region()... yes
checking for ruby/thread.h... yes
checking for rb_thread_call_without_gvl() in ruby/thread.h... yes
checking for inotify_init() in sys/inotify.h... no
checking for __NR_inotify_init in sys/syscall.h... no
checking for writev() in sys/uio.h... yes
checking for rb_thread_fd_select()... yes
checking for rb_fdset_t in ruby/intern.h... yes
checking for rb_wait_for_single_fd()... yes
checking for rb_enable_interrupt()... no
checking for rb_time_new()... yes
checking for sys/event.h... yes
checking for sys/queue... yes
checking for clock_gettime()... no
checking for gethrtime()... no
creating Makefile
make "DESTDIR=" clean
make "DESTDIR="
compiling binder.cpp
In file included from binder.cpp:20:
./project.h:116:10: fatal error: 'openssl/ssl.h' file not found
#include <openssl/ssl.h>
^
1 error generated.
make: *** [binder.o] Error 1
make failed, exit code 2
我试图在使用OpenSSL 1.0.0的Ubuntu 10.04 LTS上构建一些代码。当我运行make时，它使用“-lssl”选项调用g++。资料来源包括:
#include <openssl/bio.h>
#include <openssl/buffer.h>
#include <openssl/des.h>
#include <openssl/evp.h>
#include <openssl/pem.h>
#include <openssl/rsa.h>
我跑:
$ sudo apt-get install openssl
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
openssl is already the newest version.
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 3 not upgraded.
但是我猜openssl包不包括这个库。我在make时得到这些错误:
foo.cpp:21:25: error: openssl/bio.h: No such file or directory
foo.cpp:22:28: error: openssl/buffer.h: No such file or directory
foo.cpp:23:25: error: openssl/des.h: No such file or directory
foo.cpp:24:25: error: openssl/evp.h: No such file or directory
foo.cpp:25:25: error: openssl/pem.h: No such file or directory
foo.cpp:26:25: error: openssl/rsa.h: No such file or directory
如何在Ubuntu 10.04 LTS上安装OpenSSL c++库?
我为-l选项做了一个man g++和(在“链接选项”下)，它声明:“链接器为库搜索一个标准目录列表…”和“搜索的目录包括几个标准系统目录…”这些标准系统目录是什么?
I have a question about how and what is the version of OpenSSl that I must install in Windows to later create certificates. Install a one version (openssl-1.0.2d-fips-2.0.10) found in SourceForge but it does not generate the files correctly. There is also the official website https://www.openssl.org, but I do not know how to install it and how, so that when it comes to generating the keys and .pem file, it works. Generate some environment variables that point to the folder where I unzipped the downloaded, I do not know if it is the correct way.
我试图在JAGS中建立一个生存模型，允许时变协变量。我希望它是一个参数模型——例如，假设生存遵循威布尔分布(但我希望允许风险变化，所以指数太简单了)。因此，这本质上是flexsurv包中可以做的事情的贝叶斯版本，它允许参数模型中的时变协变量。
因此，我希望能够以“计数过程”的形式输入数据，其中每个主题都有多行，每一行对应于一个时间间隔，其中协变量保持不变(如此pdf或此处所述)。这是survival或flexurv包所允许的(开始，停止)公式。
不幸的是，每一个关于如何在JAGS中进行生存分析的解释似乎都假设每个受试者有一行。
我试图采用这种更简单的方法，并将其扩展到计数过程格式，但该模型不能正确地估计分布。
失败的尝试:
举个例子。首先我们生成一些数据:
library('dplyr')
library('survival')
## Make the Data: -----
set.seed(3)
n_sub <- 1000
current_date <- 365*2
true_shape <- 2
true_scale <- 365
dat <- data_frame(person = 1:n_sub,
true_duration = rweibull(n = n_sub, shape = true_shape, scale = true_scale),
person_start_time = runif(n_sub, min= 0, max= true_scale*2),
person_censored = (person_start_time + true_duration) > current_date,
person_duration = ifelse(person_censored, current_date - person_start_time, true_duration)
)
person person_start_time person_censored person_duration
(int) (dbl) (lgl) (dbl)
1 1 11.81416 FALSE 487.4553
2 2 114.20900 FALSE 168.7674
3 3 75.34220 FALSE 356.6298
4 4 339.98225 FALSE 385.5119
5 5 389.23357 FALSE 259.9791
6 6 253.71067 FALSE 259.0032
7 7 419.52305 TRUE 310.4770
然后我们将每个受试者的数据分成2个观测值。我只是在时间=300时将每个受试者分开(除非他们没有赶上时间=300，他们只有一次观察)。
## Split into multiple observations per person: --------
cens_point <- 300 # <----- try changing to 0 for no split; if so, model correctly estimates
dat_split <- dat %>%
group_by(person) %>%
do(data_frame(
split = ifelse(.$person_duration > cens_point, cens_point, .$person_duration),
START = c(0, split[1]),
END = c(split[1], .$person_duration),
TINTERVAL = c(split[1], .$person_duration - split[1]),
CENS = c(ifelse(.$person_duration > cens_point, 1, .$person_censored), .$person_censored), # <— edited original post here due to bug; but problem still present when fixing bug
TINTERVAL_CENS = ifelse(CENS, NA, TINTERVAL),
END_CENS = ifelse(CENS, NA, END)
)) %>%
filter(TINTERVAL != 0)
person split START END TINTERVAL CENS TINTERVAL_CENS
(int) (dbl) (dbl) (dbl) (dbl) (dbl) (dbl)
1 1 300.0000 0 300.0000 300.00000 1 NA
2 1 300.0000 300 487.4553 187.45530 0 187.45530
3 2 168.7674 0 168.7674 168.76738 1 NA
4 3 300.0000 0 300.0000 300.00000 1 NA
5 3 300.0000 300 356.6298 56.62979 0 56.62979
6 4 300.0000 0 300.0000 300.00000 1 NA
现在我们可以建立JAGS模型了。
## Set-Up JAGS Model -------
dat_jags <- as.list(dat_split)
dat_jags$N <- length(dat_jags$TINTERVAL)
inits <- replicate(n = 2, simplify = FALSE, expr = {
list(TINTERVAL_CENS = with(dat_jags, ifelse(CENS, TINTERVAL + 1, NA)),
END_CENS = with(dat_jags, ifelse(CENS, END + 1, NA)) )
})
model_string <-
"
model {
# set priors on reparameterized version, as suggested
# here: https://sourceforge.net/p/mcmc-jags/discussion/610036/thread/d5249e71/?limit=25#8c3b
log_a ~ dnorm(0, .001)
log(a) <- log_a
log_b ~ dnorm(0, .001)
log(b) <- log_b
nu <- a
lambda <- (1/b)^a
for (i in 1:N) {
# Estimate Subject-Durations:
CENS[i] ~ dinterval(TINTERVAL_CENS[i], TINTERVAL[i])
TINTERVAL_CENS[i] ~ dweibull( nu, lambda )
}
}
"
library('runjags')
param_monitors <- c('a', 'b', 'nu', 'lambda')
fit_jags <- run.jags(model = model_string,
burnin = 1000, sample = 1000,
monitor = param_monitors,
n.chains = 2, data = dat_jags, inits = inits)
# estimates:
fit_jags
# actual:
c(a=true_shape, b=true_scale)
根据分裂点的位置，该模型为底层分布估计了非常不同的参数。只有当数据没有被分割成计数过程形式时，它才能得到正确的参数。对于这类问题，这似乎不是格式化数据的方法。
If I am missing an assumption and my problem is less related to JAGS and more related to how I'm formulating the problem, suggestions are very welcome. I might be despairing that time-varying covariates can't be used in parametric survival models (and can only be used in models like the Cox model, which assumes constant hazards and which doesn't actually estimate the underlying distribution)— however, as I mentioned above, the flexsurvreg package in R does accommodate the (start, stop] formulation in parametric models.
如果有人知道如何用另一种语言(例如STAN而不是JAGS)构建这样的模型，那也会很感激。
编辑:
克里斯·杰克逊通过电子邮件提供了一些有用的建议:
我认为这里需要JAGS中用于截断的T()构造。本质上，对于每个时期(t[i]， t[i+1])，如果一个人活着，但协变量是常数，那么生存时间在时期开始时左截短，在结束时也可能右截短。你可以这样写y[i] ~ dweib(shape, scale[i])T(T [i]，)
我试着这样执行这个建议:
model {
# same as before
log_a ~ dnorm(0, .01)
log(a) <- log_a
log_b ~ dnorm(0, .01)
log(b) <- log_b
nu <- a
lambda <- (1/b)^a
for (i in 1:N) {
# modified to include left-truncation
CENS[i] ~ dinterval(END_CENS[i], END[i])
END_CENS[i] ~ dweibull( nu, lambda )T(START[i],)
}
}
Unfortunately this doesn't quite do the trick. With the old code, the model was mostly getting the scale parameter right, but doing a very bad job on the shape parameter. With this new code, it gets very close to the correct shape parameter, but consistently over-estimates the scale parameter. I have noticed that the degree of over-estimation is correlated with how late the split point comes. If the split-point is early (cens_point = 50), there's not really any over-estimation; if it's late (cens_point = 350), there is a lot.
I thought maybe the problem could be related to 'double-counting' the observations: if we see a censored observation at t=300, then from that same person, an uncensored observation at t=400, it seems intuitive to me that this person is contributing two data-points to our inference about the Weibull parameters when really they should just be contributing one point. I, therefore, tried incorporating a random-effect for each person; however, this completely failed, with huge estimates (in the 50-90 range) for the nu parameter. I'm not sure why that is, but perhaps that's a question for a separate post. Since I'm not whether the problems are related, you can find the code for this whole post, including the JAGS code for that model, here.
我正在生成一个自签名SSL证书来保护我的服务器的管理部分，我一直从OpenSSL得到这个消息:
无法写入“随机状态”
这是什么意思?
这是在Ubuntu服务器上。我已经升级了libssl来修复最近的安全漏洞。
使用Travis-CI，是否有可能在不推送新提交到GitHub的情况下触发重建?
用例:由于外部性而导致构建失败。这个来源实际上是正确的。如果简单地重新运行，它将构建OK并通过。
例如，由于包服务器宕机，apt-get失败，但服务器再次备份。然而，构建状态“卡”在“失败”，直到推送新的提交。
有什么方法来推动Travis-CI做另一个构建，而不是推动一个“虚拟”提交?
我通过homebrew安装了vapor，然后立即想通过执行vapor new Hello进入一个项目，但随后在终端中得到了以下消息:
dyld: Library not loaded: /usr/local/opt/openssl/lib/libssl.1.0.0.dylib
Referenced from: /usr/local/bin/vapor
Reason: image not found
zsh: abort vapor new Hello
我尝试了一些方法来解决这个问题，比如通过brew卸载并重新安装openssl，但这并不奏效。我还尝试了一些我在网上找到的东西，但没有工作。我认为这与蒸汽只适用于1.0.0版本有关，而不是1.1.1版本，这就是我所拥有的。我想我需要降级到1.0.0，但我是怎么做到的?我在用MacOS卡塔琳娜，如果有关系的话。
root@sclrdev:/home/sclr/certs/FreshCerts# curl --ftp-ssl --verbose ftp://{abc}/ -u trup:trup --cacert /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt
* About to connect() to {abc} port 21 (#0)
* Trying {abc}...
* Connected to {abc} ({abc}) port 21 (#0)
< 220-Cerberus FTP Server - Home Edition
< 220-This is the UNLICENSED Home Edition and may be used for home, personal use only
< 220-Welcome to Cerberus FTP Server
< 220 Created by Cerberus, LLC
> AUTH SSL
< 234 Authentication method accepted
* successfully set certificate verify locations:
* CAfile: /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt
CApath: /etc/ssl/certs
* SSLv3, TLS handshake, Client hello (1):
* SSLv3, TLS handshake, Server hello (2):
* SSLv3, TLS handshake, CERT (11):
* SSLv3, TLS alert, Server hello (2):
* SSL certificate problem: unable to get local issuer certificate
* Closing connection 0
curl: (60) SSL certificate problem: unable to get local issuer certificate
More details here: http://curl.haxx.se/docs/sslcerts.html
curl performs SSL certificate verification by default, using a "bundle"
of Certificate Authority (CA) public keys (CA certs). If the default
bundle file isn't adequate, you can specify an alternate file
using the --cacert option.
If this HTTPS server uses a certificate signed by a CA represented in
the bundle, the certificate verification probably failed due to a
problem with the certificate (it might be expired, or the name might
not match the domain name in the URL).
If you'd like to turn off curl's verification of the certificate, use
the -k (or --insecure) option.