我想引用Herb Sutter在GotW #95中的一句话，这有助于理解volatile变量的含义:

C++ volatile variables (which have no analog in languages like C# and Java) are always beyond the scope of this and any other article about the memory model and synchronization. That’s because C++ volatile variables aren’t about threads or communication at all and don’t interact with those things. Rather, a C++ volatile variable should be viewed as portal into a different universe beyond the language — a memory location that by definition does not obey the language’s memory model because that memory location is accessed by hardware (e.g., written to by a daughter card), have more than one address, or is otherwise “strange” and beyond the language. So C++ volatile variables are universally an exception to every guideline about synchronization because are always inherently “racy” and unsynchronizable using the normal tools (mutexes, atomics, etc.) and more generally exist outside all normal of the language and compiler including that they generally cannot be optimized by the compiler (because the compiler isn’t allowed to know their semantics; a volatile int vi; may not behave anything like a normal int, and you can’t even assume that code like vi = 5; int read_back = vi; is guaranteed to result in read_back == 5, or that code like int i = vi; int j = vi; that reads vi twice will result in i == j which will not be true if vi is a hardware counter for example).

volatile关键字的目的是防止编译器对可能以编译器无法确定的方式改变的对象应用任何优化。

声明为volatile的对象在优化中被省略，因为它们的值可以被当前代码范围之外的代码随时更改。系统总是从内存位置读取volatile对象的当前值，而不是在请求时将其值保存在临时寄存器中，即使之前的指令从同一对象中请求一个值。

考虑以下情况

1)由中断服务例程在作用域外修改的全局变量。

2)多线程应用程序中的全局变量。

如果不使用volatile限定符，可能会出现以下问题

1)当优化被打开时，代码可能不会像预期的那样工作。

2)当中断被启用和使用时，代码可能不会像预期的那样工作。

Volatile:程序员最好的朋友

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_ (computer_programming)

我曾经在调试构建中使用过它，当编译器坚持要优化掉一个变量时，我希望在逐步执行代码时能够看到这个变量。

我曾经在20世纪90年代早期开发过一个大型应用程序，其中包含使用setjmp和longjmp进行基于c语言的异常处理。volatile关键字对于那些值需要保存在作为“catch”子句的代码块中的变量是必要的，以免这些变量被存储在寄存器中并被longjmp清除。

我想引用Herb Sutter在GotW #95中的一句话，这有助于理解volatile变量的含义:

C++ volatile variables (which have no analog in languages like C# and Java) are always beyond the scope of this and any other article about the memory model and synchronization. That’s because C++ volatile variables aren’t about threads or communication at all and don’t interact with those things. Rather, a C++ volatile variable should be viewed as portal into a different universe beyond the language — a memory location that by definition does not obey the language’s memory model because that memory location is accessed by hardware (e.g., written to by a daughter card), have more than one address, or is otherwise “strange” and beyond the language. So C++ volatile variables are universally an exception to every guideline about synchronization because are always inherently “racy” and unsynchronizable using the normal tools (mutexes, atomics, etc.) and more generally exist outside all normal of the language and compiler including that they generally cannot be optimized by the compiler (because the compiler isn’t allowed to know their semantics; a volatile int vi; may not behave anything like a normal int, and you can’t even assume that code like vi = 5; int read_back = vi; is guaranteed to result in read_back == 5, or that code like int i = vi; int j = vi; that reads vi twice will result in i == j which will not be true if vi is a hardware counter for example).

你的程序似乎工作，即使没有挥发关键字?也许这就是原因:

如前所述，volatile关键字有助于以下情况

volatile int* p = ...;  // point to some memory
while( *p!=0 ) {}  // loop until the memory becomes zero

但是，一旦调用外部函数或非内联函数，似乎几乎没有任何影响。例如:

while( *p!=0 ) { g(); }

然后无论是否使用volatile都会产生几乎相同的结果。

只要g()可以完全内联，编译器就可以看到正在发生的一切，因此可以进行优化。但是，当程序调用一个编译器看不到发生什么的地方时，编译器再做任何假设就不安全了。因此，编译器生成的代码总是直接从内存中读取。

但是要注意，当函数g()变成内联(由于显式更改或由于编译器/链接器的聪明)时，如果您忘记volatile关键字，那么您的代码可能会崩溃!

因此，我建议添加volatile关键字，即使您的程序似乎没有它也可以工作。它使意图在未来的变化方面更加清晰和强大。