所以，这实际上是对desertnaut的回答的一个评论，但由于我的声誉，我还不能评论它。正如他所指出的，只有当输入包含单个样本时，你的版本才是正确的。如果您的输入包含多个样本，则是错误的。然而，沙漠探险者的解决方案也是错误的。问题是一旦他得到一个一维的输入然后他又得到一个二维的输入。让我给你们看看这个。

import numpy as np

# your solution:
def your_softmax(x):
    """Compute softmax values for each sets of scores in x."""
    e_x = np.exp(x - np.max(x))
    return e_x / e_x.sum()

# desertnaut solution (copied from his answer): 
def desertnaut_softmax(x):
    """Compute softmax values for each sets of scores in x."""
    e_x = np.exp(x - np.max(x))
    return e_x / e_x.sum(axis=0) # only difference

# my (correct) solution:
def softmax(z):
    assert len(z.shape) == 2
    s = np.max(z, axis=1)
    s = s[:, np.newaxis] # necessary step to do broadcasting
    e_x = np.exp(z - s)
    div = np.sum(e_x, axis=1)
    div = div[:, np.newaxis] # dito
    return e_x / div

让我们以沙漠探险者为例:

x1 = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 6]]) # notice that we put the data into 2 dimensions(!)

输出如下:

your_softmax(x1)
array([[ 0.00626879,  0.01704033,  0.04632042,  0.93037047]])

desertnaut_softmax(x1)
array([[ 1.,  1.,  1.,  1.]])

softmax(x1)
array([[ 0.00626879,  0.01704033,  0.04632042,  0.93037047]])

你可以看到沙漠版本在这种情况下会失败。(如果输入是一维的，就不会像np那样。数组([1,2,3,6])。

现在让我们使用3个样本，因为这就是为什么我们使用二维输入的原因。下面的x2和沙漠例子中的x2不一样。

x2 = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 6],  # sample 1
               [2, 4, 5, 6],  # sample 2
               [1, 2, 3, 6]]) # sample 1 again(!)

该输入由一个有3个样本的批次组成。但样本一和样本三本质上是一样的。我们现在期望3行softmax激活，其中第一行应该与第三行相同，也与x1的激活相同!

your_softmax(x2)
array([[ 0.00183535,  0.00498899,  0.01356148,  0.27238963],
       [ 0.00498899,  0.03686393,  0.10020655,  0.27238963],
       [ 0.00183535,  0.00498899,  0.01356148,  0.27238963]])


desertnaut_softmax(x2)
array([[ 0.21194156,  0.10650698,  0.10650698,  0.33333333],
       [ 0.57611688,  0.78698604,  0.78698604,  0.33333333],
       [ 0.21194156,  0.10650698,  0.10650698,  0.33333333]])

softmax(x2)
array([[ 0.00626879,  0.01704033,  0.04632042,  0.93037047],
       [ 0.01203764,  0.08894682,  0.24178252,  0.65723302],
       [ 0.00626879,  0.01704033,  0.04632042,  0.93037047]])

我希望你能明白，这只是我的解的情况。

softmax(x1) == softmax(x2)[0]
array([[ True,  True,  True,  True]], dtype=bool)

softmax(x1) == softmax(x2)[2]
array([[ True,  True,  True,  True]], dtype=bool)

另外，下面是TensorFlows softmax实现的结果:

import tensorflow as tf
import numpy as np
batch = np.asarray([[1,2,3,6],[2,4,5,6],[1,2,3,6]])
x = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, shape=[None, 4])
y = tf.nn.softmax(x)
init = tf.initialize_all_variables()
sess = tf.Session()
sess.run(y, feed_dict={x: batch})

结果是:

array([[ 0.00626879,  0.01704033,  0.04632042,  0.93037045],
       [ 0.01203764,  0.08894681,  0.24178252,  0.657233  ],
       [ 0.00626879,  0.01704033,  0.04632042,  0.93037045]], dtype=float32)

似乎每个人都发布了他们的解决方案，所以我将发布我的:

def softmax(x):
    e_x = np.exp(x.T - np.max(x, axis = -1))
    return (e_x / e_x.sum(axis=0)).T

我得到了与从sklearn导入的完全相同的结果:

from sklearn.utils.extmath import softmax

更简明的说法是:

def softmax(x):
    return np.exp(x) / np.exp(x).sum(axis=0)

这也适用于np. remodeling。

   def softmax( scores):
        """
        Compute softmax scores given the raw output from the model

        :param scores: raw scores from the model (N, num_classes)
        :return:
            prob: softmax probabilities (N, num_classes)
        """
        prob = None

        exponential = np.exp(
            scores - np.max(scores, axis=1).reshape(-1, 1)
        )  # subract the largest number https://jamesmccaffrey.wordpress.com/2016/03/04/the-max-trick-when-computing-softmax/
        prob = exponential / exponential.sum(axis=1).reshape(-1, 1)

        

        return prob

(好吧…这里有很多困惑，在问题和答案中…)

首先，这两个解决方案(即你的解决方案和建议的解决方案)是不相等的;它们恰好只在一维分数数组的特殊情况下是等价的。如果你也尝试过Udacity测试提供的例子中的二维分数数组，你就会发现它。

就结果而言，两个解决方案之间的唯一实际区别是axis=0参数。为了了解情况，让我们试试你的解决方案(your_softmax)，其中唯一的区别是axis参数:

import numpy as np

# your solution:
def your_softmax(x):
    """Compute softmax values for each sets of scores in x."""
    e_x = np.exp(x - np.max(x))
    return e_x / e_x.sum()

# correct solution:
def softmax(x):
    """Compute softmax values for each sets of scores in x."""
    e_x = np.exp(x - np.max(x))
    return e_x / e_x.sum(axis=0) # only difference

正如我所说，对于一个1-D分数数组，结果确实是相同的:

scores = [3.0, 1.0, 0.2]
print(your_softmax(scores))
# [ 0.8360188   0.11314284  0.05083836]
print(softmax(scores))
# [ 0.8360188   0.11314284  0.05083836]
your_softmax(scores) == softmax(scores)
# array([ True,  True,  True], dtype=bool)

尽管如此，以下是Udacity测试中给出的二维分数数组作为测试示例的结果:

scores2D = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 6],
                     [2, 4, 5, 6],
                     [3, 8, 7, 6]])

print(your_softmax(scores2D))
# [[  4.89907947e-04   1.33170787e-03   3.61995731e-03   7.27087861e-02]
#  [  1.33170787e-03   9.84006416e-03   2.67480676e-02   7.27087861e-02]
#  [  3.61995731e-03   5.37249300e-01   1.97642972e-01   7.27087861e-02]]

print(softmax(scores2D))
# [[ 0.09003057  0.00242826  0.01587624  0.33333333]
#  [ 0.24472847  0.01794253  0.11731043  0.33333333]
#  [ 0.66524096  0.97962921  0.86681333  0.33333333]]

结果是不同的——第二个结果确实与Udacity测试中预期的结果相同，其中所有列的总和确实为1，而第一个(错误的)结果不是这样。

所以，所有的麻烦实际上是一个实现细节-轴参数。根据numpy。和文档:

默认值axis=None将对输入数组的所有元素求和

而这里我们想按行求和，因此axis=0。对于一个一维数组，(唯一的)行和所有元素的和恰好是相同的，因此在这种情况下你会得到相同的结果…

抛开轴的问题不谈，你的实现(即你选择先减去最大值)实际上比建议的解决方案更好!事实上，这是实现softmax函数的推荐方式-请参阅这里的理由(数值稳定性，也在这里的一些其他答案中指出)。

下面是使用numpy的广义解，以及与tensorflow和scipy的正确性比较:

数据准备:

import numpy as np

np.random.seed(2019)

batch_size = 1
n_items = 3
n_classes = 2
logits_np = np.random.rand(batch_size,n_items,n_classes).astype(np.float32)
print('logits_np.shape', logits_np.shape)
print('logits_np:')
print(logits_np)

输出:

logits_np.shape (1, 3, 2)
logits_np:
[[[0.9034822  0.3930805 ]
  [0.62397    0.6378774 ]
  [0.88049906 0.299172  ]]]

使用tensorflow的Softmax:

import tensorflow as tf

logits_tf = tf.convert_to_tensor(logits_np, np.float32)
scores_tf = tf.nn.softmax(logits_np, axis=-1)

print('logits_tf.shape', logits_tf.shape)
print('scores_tf.shape', scores_tf.shape)

with tf.Session() as sess:
    scores_np = sess.run(scores_tf)

print('scores_np.shape', scores_np.shape)
print('scores_np:')
print(scores_np)

print('np.sum(scores_np, axis=-1).shape', np.sum(scores_np,axis=-1).shape)
print('np.sum(scores_np, axis=-1):')
print(np.sum(scores_np, axis=-1))

输出:

logits_tf.shape (1, 3, 2)
scores_tf.shape (1, 3, 2)
scores_np.shape (1, 3, 2)
scores_np:
[[[0.62490064 0.37509936]
  [0.4965232  0.5034768 ]
  [0.64137274 0.3586273 ]]]
np.sum(scores_np, axis=-1).shape (1, 3)
np.sum(scores_np, axis=-1):
[[1. 1. 1.]]

使用scipy的Softmax:

from scipy.special import softmax

scores_np = softmax(logits_np, axis=-1)

print('scores_np.shape', scores_np.shape)
print('scores_np:')
print(scores_np)

print('np.sum(scores_np, axis=-1).shape', np.sum(scores_np, axis=-1).shape)
print('np.sum(scores_np, axis=-1):')
print(np.sum(scores_np, axis=-1))

输出:

scores_np.shape (1, 3, 2)
scores_np:
[[[0.62490064 0.37509936]
  [0.4965232  0.5034768 ]
  [0.6413727  0.35862732]]]
np.sum(scores_np, axis=-1).shape (1, 3)
np.sum(scores_np, axis=-1):
[[1. 1. 1.]]

Softmax使用numpy (https://nolanbconaway.github.io/blog/2017/softmax-numpy):

def softmax(X, theta = 1.0, axis = None):
    """
    Compute the softmax of each element along an axis of X.

    Parameters
    ----------
    X: ND-Array. Probably should be floats.
    theta (optional): float parameter, used as a multiplier
        prior to exponentiation. Default = 1.0
    axis (optional): axis to compute values along. Default is the
        first non-singleton axis.

    Returns an array the same size as X. The result will sum to 1
    along the specified axis.
    """

    # make X at least 2d
    y = np.atleast_2d(X)

    # find axis
    if axis is None:
        axis = next(j[0] for j in enumerate(y.shape) if j[1] > 1)

    # multiply y against the theta parameter,
    y = y * float(theta)

    # subtract the max for numerical stability
    y = y - np.expand_dims(np.max(y, axis = axis), axis)

    # exponentiate y
    y = np.exp(y)

    # take the sum along the specified axis
    ax_sum = np.expand_dims(np.sum(y, axis = axis), axis)

    # finally: divide elementwise
    p = y / ax_sum

    # flatten if X was 1D
    if len(X.shape) == 1: p = p.flatten()

    return p


scores_np = softmax(logits_np, axis=-1)

print('scores_np.shape', scores_np.shape)
print('scores_np:')
print(scores_np)

print('np.sum(scores_np, axis=-1).shape', np.sum(scores_np, axis=-1).shape)
print('np.sum(scores_np, axis=-1):')
print(np.sum(scores_np, axis=-1))

输出:

scores_np.shape (1, 3, 2)
scores_np:
[[[0.62490064 0.37509936]
  [0.49652317 0.5034768 ]
  [0.64137274 0.3586273 ]]]
np.sum(scores_np, axis=-1).shape (1, 3)
np.sum(scores_np, axis=-1):
[[1. 1. 1.]]