使用计数器是一个基本的解决方案:

int DivBy3(int num) {
    int result = 0;
    int counter = 0;
    while (1) {
        if (num == counter)       //Modulus 0
            return result;
        counter = abs(~counter);  //++counter

        if (num == counter)       //Modulus 1
            return result;
        counter = abs(~counter);  //++counter

        if (num == counter)       //Modulus 2
            return result;
        counter = abs(~counter);  //++counter

        result = abs(~result);    //++result
    }
}

也很容易执行一个模数函数，查看注释。

#!/bin/ruby

def div_by_3(i)
  i.div 3        # always return int http://www.ruby-doc.org/core-1.9.3/Numeric.html#method-i-div
end

3以2为底等于11。

所以只要做长除法(就像中学那样)，以2 × 11为底。以2为底比以10为底更简单。

对于从最有效位开始的每个位位:

判断prefix是否小于11。

如果它是输出0。

如果不是输出1，则替换前缀位进行适当的更改。只有三种情况:

 11xxx ->    xxx    (ie 3 - 3 = 0)
100xxx ->   1xxx    (ie 4 - 3 = 1)
101xxx ->  10xxx    (ie 5 - 3 = 2)

所有其他前缀都不可达。

重复到最低位，你就完成了。

使用Linux shell脚本:

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
    int number = 30;
    char command[25];
    snprintf(command, 25, "echo $((%d %c 3)) ", number, 47);
    system( command );
    return 0;
}

请看我的另一个答案。

Yet another solution. This should handle all ints (including negative ints) except the min value of an int, which would need to be handled as a hard coded exception. This basically does division by subtraction but only using bit operators (shifts, xor, & and complement). For faster speed, it subtracts 3 * (decreasing powers of 2). In c#, it executes around 444 of these DivideBy3 calls per millisecond (2.2 seconds for 1,000,000 divides), so not horrendously slow, but no where near as fast as a simple x/3. By comparison, Coodey's nice solution is about 5 times faster than this one.

public static int DivideBy3(int a) {
    bool negative = a < 0;
    if (negative) a = Negate(a);
    int result;
    int sub = 3 << 29;
    int threes = 1 << 29;
    result = 0;
    while (threes > 0) {
        if (a >= sub) {
            a = Add(a, Negate(sub));
            result = Add(result, threes);
        }
        sub >>= 1;
        threes >>= 1;
    }
    if (negative) result = Negate(result);
    return result;
}
public static int Negate(int a) {
    return Add(~a, 1);
}
public static int Add(int a, int b) {
    int x = 0;
    x = a ^ b;
    while ((a & b) != 0) {
        b = (a & b) << 1;
        a = x;
        x = a ^ b;
    }
    return x;
}

这是c#，因为这是我手边的东西，但与c的区别应该很小。

如果你提醒自己标准的学校除法方法，用二进制来做，你会发现在3的情况下，你只是在有限的一组值中除法和减法(在这种情况下，从0到5)。这些可以用switch语句处理，以摆脱算术运算符。

static unsigned lamediv3(unsigned n)
{
  unsigned result = 0, remainder = 0, mask = 0x80000000;

  // Go through all bits of n from MSB to LSB.
  for (int i = 0; i < 32; i++, mask >>= 1)
  {
    result <<= 1;
    // Shift in the next bit of n into remainder.
    remainder = remainder << 1 | !!(n & mask);

    // Divide remainder by 3, update result and remainer.
    // If remainder is less than 3, it remains intact.
    switch (remainder)
    {
    case 3:
      result |= 1;
      remainder = 0;
      break;

    case 4:
      result |= 1;
      remainder = 1;
      break;

    case 5:
      result |= 1;
      remainder = 2;
      break;
    }
  }

  return result;
}

#include <cstdio>

int main()
{
  // Verify for all possible values of a 32-bit unsigned integer.
  unsigned i = 0;

  do
  {
    unsigned d = lamediv3(i);

    if (i / 3 != d)
    {
      printf("failed for %u: %u != %u\n", i, d, i / 3);
      return 1;
    }
  }
  while (++i != 0);
}