.NET中的结构和类有什么区别?


当前回答

我♥ 可视化,在这里我创建了一个来展示结构和类之间的基本区别。


以及文本表示,以防万一;)

+--------------------------------------------------+------+----------------------------------------------+
|                      Struct                      |      |                      Class                    |
+--------------------------------------------------+------+----------------------------------------------+
| - 1 per Thread.                                  |      | - 1 per application.                         |
|                                                  |      |                                              |
| - Holds value types.                             |      | - Holds reference types.                     |
|                                                  |      |                                              |
| - Types in the stack are positioned              |      | - No type ordering (data is fragmented).     |
|   using the LIFO principle.                      |      |                                              |
|                                                  |      |                                              |
| - Can't have a default constructor and/or        |      | - Can have a default constructor             |
|   finalizer(destructor).                         |      |   and/or finalizer.                          |
|                                                  |      |                                              |
| - Can be created with or without a new operator. |      | - Can be created only with a new operator.   |
|                                                  |      |                                              |
| - Can't derive from the class or struct          |  VS  | - Can have only one base class and/or        |
|   but can derive from the multiple interfaces.   |      |   derive from multiple interfaces.           |
|                                                  |      |                                              |
| - The data members can't be protected.           |      | - Data members can be protected.             |
|                                                  |      |                                              |
| - Function members can't be                      |      | - Function members can be                    |
|   virtual or abstract.                           |      |   virtual or abstract.                       |
|                                                  |      |                                              |
| - Can't have a null value.                       |      | - Can have a null value.                     |
|                                                  |      |                                              |
| - During an assignment, the contents are         |      | - Assignment is happening                    |
|   copied from one variable to another.           |      |   by reference.                              |
+--------------------------------------------------+------+----------------------------------------------+

有关更多信息,请查看以下内容:

类和结构(官方文档)。在类和结构之间选择(官方文档)。

其他回答

结构是实际值-它们可以为空,但不能为空

这是正确的,但是也要注意,从.NET2开始,结构支持Nullable版本,C#提供了一些语法糖,使其更易于使用。

int? value = null;
value  = 1;

类的实例存储在托管堆上。“包含”实例的所有变量都只是对堆上实例的引用。将对象传递给方法会导致传递引用的副本,而不是对象本身。

结构(从技术上讲,值类型)存储在使用它们的任何地方,很像原始类型。运行时可以随时复制内容,而无需调用自定义的复制构造函数。将值类型传递给方法涉及复制整个值,同样无需调用任何自定义代码。

C++/CLI名称使这种区别更加明显:“ref class”是第一个类,“value class”是第二个类。C#使用的关键字“class”和“struct”只是必须学习的东西。

除了访问说明符的基本区别,以及上面提到的几个区别之外,我还想添加一些主要区别,包括上面提到的一些区别,以及带有输出的代码示例,这将提供对引用和值的更清晰的了解

结构:

是值类型,不需要堆分配。内存分配不同,存储在堆栈中适用于小型数据结构影响性能,当我们将值传递给方法时,我们会传递整个数据结构,所有数据都传递给堆栈。构造函数只返回结构值本身(通常在堆栈上的临时位置),然后根据需要复制该值每个变量都有自己的数据副本,其中一个变量的操作不可能影响另一个变量。不支持用户指定的继承,它们隐式继承自类型对象

类别:

参考类型值存储在堆中存储对动态分配对象的引用构造函数是用new运算符调用的,但它不会在堆上分配内存多个变量可以引用同一对象对一个变量的操作可能会影响另一个变量引用的对象

代码示例

    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        //Struct
        myStruct objStruct = new myStruct();
        objStruct.x = 10;
        Console.WriteLine("Initial value of Struct Object is: " + objStruct.x);
        Console.WriteLine();
        methodStruct(objStruct);
        Console.WriteLine();
        Console.WriteLine("After Method call value of Struct Object is: " + objStruct.x);
        Console.WriteLine();

        //Class
        myClass objClass = new myClass(10);
        Console.WriteLine("Initial value of Class Object is: " + objClass.x);
        Console.WriteLine();
        methodClass(objClass);
        Console.WriteLine();
        Console.WriteLine("After Method call value of Class Object is: " + objClass.x);
        Console.Read();
    }
    static void methodStruct(myStruct newStruct)
    {
        newStruct.x = 20;
        Console.WriteLine("Inside Struct Method");
        Console.WriteLine("Inside Method value of Struct Object is: " + newStruct.x);
    }
    static void methodClass(myClass newClass)
    {
        newClass.x = 20;
        Console.WriteLine("Inside Class Method");
        Console.WriteLine("Inside Method value of Class Object is: " + newClass.x);
    }
    public struct myStruct
    {
        public int x;
        public myStruct(int xCons)
        {
            this.x = xCons;
        }
    }
    public class myClass
    {
        public int x;
        public myClass(int xCons)
        {
            this.x = xCons;
        }
    }

输出

Struct Object的初始值为:10

内部结构方法Struct对象的内部方法值为:20

结构对象的方法调用值为:10

类对象的初始值为:10

内部类方法类对象的内部方法值为:20

类对象的方法调用值为:20

在这里,您可以清楚地看到按值调用和按引用调用之间的区别。

我♥ 可视化,在这里我创建了一个来展示结构和类之间的基本区别。


以及文本表示,以防万一;)

+--------------------------------------------------+------+----------------------------------------------+
|                      Struct                      |      |                      Class                    |
+--------------------------------------------------+------+----------------------------------------------+
| - 1 per Thread.                                  |      | - 1 per application.                         |
|                                                  |      |                                              |
| - Holds value types.                             |      | - Holds reference types.                     |
|                                                  |      |                                              |
| - Types in the stack are positioned              |      | - No type ordering (data is fragmented).     |
|   using the LIFO principle.                      |      |                                              |
|                                                  |      |                                              |
| - Can't have a default constructor and/or        |      | - Can have a default constructor             |
|   finalizer(destructor).                         |      |   and/or finalizer.                          |
|                                                  |      |                                              |
| - Can be created with or without a new operator. |      | - Can be created only with a new operator.   |
|                                                  |      |                                              |
| - Can't derive from the class or struct          |  VS  | - Can have only one base class and/or        |
|   but can derive from the multiple interfaces.   |      |   derive from multiple interfaces.           |
|                                                  |      |                                              |
| - The data members can't be protected.           |      | - Data members can be protected.             |
|                                                  |      |                                              |
| - Function members can't be                      |      | - Function members can be                    |
|   virtual or abstract.                           |      |   virtual or abstract.                       |
|                                                  |      |                                              |
| - Can't have a null value.                       |      | - Can have a null value.                     |
|                                                  |      |                                              |
| - During an assignment, the contents are         |      | - Assignment is happening                    |
|   copied from one variable to another.           |      |   by reference.                              |
+--------------------------------------------------+------+----------------------------------------------+

有关更多信息,请查看以下内容:

类和结构(官方文档)。在类和结构之间选择(官方文档)。

结构和类别之间的差异:

结构是值类型,而类是引用类型。结构存储在堆栈上,而类存储在堆值类型将其值保存在声明它们的内存中,但引用类型保存对内存中对象的引用。值类型在作用域丢失后立即销毁,而引用类型仅在作用域丢失后销毁变量。该对象随后被垃圾收集器销毁。将结构复制到另一个结构时,该结构的新副本创建。修改的结构不会影响其他结构。将一个类复制到另一个类时,它只复制参考变量。两个引用变量都指向堆上的同一对象。对一个变量所做的更改将影响另一个参考变量。结构不能有析构函数,但类可以有析构器。结构不能具有显式无参数构造函数,而类可以。结构不支持继承,但类支持支持从接口继承。结构为密封型。