.NET中的结构和类有什么区别？
当前回答
首先，结构是通过值而不是引用传递的。结构适用于相对简单的数据结构，而类通过多态性和继承从体系结构的角度来看具有更大的灵活性。
其他人可能会比我给你更多的细节，但当我所追求的结构很简单时，我会使用结构。
其他回答
从微软在类和结构之间的选择。。。
根据经验，框架中的大多数类型应该是类。然而，在某些情况下值类型的特性使其更适合使用结构。✓ 考虑结构而不是类：如果该类型的实例很小并且通常很短，或者通常嵌入在其他对象中。X避免结构，除非该类型具有以下所有属性特点：它在逻辑上表示单个值，类似于原始类型（int、double等）。它的实例大小小于16字节。它是不可变的。（无法更改）它不必经常装箱。
类的实例存储在托管堆上。“包含”实例的所有变量都只是对堆上实例的引用。将对象传递给方法会导致传递引用的副本，而不是对象本身。
结构（从技术上讲，值类型）存储在使用它们的任何地方，很像原始类型。运行时可以随时复制内容，而无需调用自定义的复制构造函数。将值类型传递给方法涉及复制整个值，同样无需调用任何自定义代码。
C++/CLI名称使这种区别更加明显：“ref class”是第一个类，“value class”是第二个类。C#使用的关键字“class”和“struct”只是必须学习的东西。
| Struct | Class | |
|---|---|---|
| Type | Value-type | Reference-type |
| Where | On stack / Inline in containing type | On Heap |
| Deallocation | Stack unwinds / containing type gets deallocated | Garbage Collected |
| Arrays | Inline, elements are the actual instances of the value type | Out of line, elements are just references to instances of the reference type residing on the heap |
| Al-Del Cost | Cheap allocation-deallocation | Expensive allocation-deallocation |
| Memory usage | Boxed when cast to a reference type or one of the interfaces they implement, Unboxed when cast back to value type (Negative impact because boxes are objects that are allocated on the heap and are garbage-collected) |
No boxing-unboxing |
| Assignments | Copy entire data | Copy the reference |
| Change to an instance | Does not affect any of its copies | Affect all references pointing to the instance |
| Mutability | Should be immutable | Mutable |
| Population | In some situations | Majority of types in a framework should be classes |
| Lifetime | Short-lived | Long-lived |
| Destructor | Cannot have | Can have |
| Inheritance | Only from an interface | Full support |
| Polymorphism | No | Yes |
| Sealed | Yes | When have sealed keyword (C#), or Sealed attribute (F#) |
| Constructor | Can not have explicit parameterless constructors | Any constructor |
| Null-assignments | When marked with nullable question mark | Yes (When marked with nullable question mark in C# 8+ and F# 5+ 1) |
| Abstract | No | When have abstract keyword (C#), or AbstractClass attribute (F#) |
| Member Access Modifiers | public, private, internal |
public, protected, internal, protected internal, private protected |
1不鼓励在F#中使用null，请改用Option类型。
首先，结构是通过值而不是引用传递的。结构适用于相对简单的数据结构，而类通过多态性和继承从体系结构的角度来看具有更大的灵活性。
其他人可能会比我给你更多的细节，但当我所追求的结构很简单时，我会使用结构。
有一个有趣的“类vs结构”难题案例——当您需要从方法返回几个结果时：选择要使用的结果。如果你知道ValueTuple的故事，你就知道添加ValueTuple（结构）是因为它应该比Tuple（类）更有效。但这在数字上意味着什么？两个测试：一个是具有2个字段的结构/类，另一个是有8个字段的类型/类（维度大于4-从处理器节拍的角度来看，类应该比结构更有效，但当然也应该考虑GC负载）。
P.S.另一个特定案例“stuct or class with collections”的基准是：https://stackoverflow.com/a/45276657/506147
BenchmarkDotNet=v0.10.10, OS=Windows 10 Redstone 2 [1703, Creators Update] (10.0.15063.726)
Processor=Intel Core i5-2500K CPU 3.30GHz (Sandy Bridge), ProcessorCount=4
Frequency=3233540 Hz, Resolution=309.2586 ns, Timer=TSC
.NET Core SDK=2.0.3
[Host] : .NET Core 2.0.3 (Framework 4.6.25815.02), 64bit RyuJIT
Clr : .NET Framework 4.7 (CLR 4.0.30319.42000), 64bit RyuJIT-v4.7.2115.0
Core : .NET Core 2.0.3 (Framework 4.6.25815.02), 64bit RyuJIT
Method | Job | Runtime | Mean | Error | StdDev | Min | Max | Median | Rank | Gen 0 | Allocated |
------------------ |----- |-------- |---------:|----------:|----------:|---------:|---------:|---------:|-----:|-------:|----------:|
TestStructReturn | Clr | Clr | 17.57 ns | 0.1960 ns | 0.1834 ns | 17.25 ns | 17.89 ns | 17.55 ns | 4 | 0.0127 | 40 B |
TestClassReturn | Clr | Clr | 21.93 ns | 0.4554 ns | 0.5244 ns | 21.17 ns | 23.26 ns | 21.86 ns | 5 | 0.0229 | 72 B |
TestStructReturn8 | Clr | Clr | 38.99 ns | 0.8302 ns | 1.4097 ns | 37.36 ns | 42.35 ns | 38.50 ns | 8 | 0.0127 | 40 B |
TestClassReturn8 | Clr | Clr | 23.69 ns | 0.5373 ns | 0.6987 ns | 22.70 ns | 25.24 ns | 23.37 ns | 6 | 0.0305 | 96 B |
TestStructReturn | Core | Core | 12.28 ns | 0.1882 ns | 0.1760 ns | 11.92 ns | 12.57 ns | 12.30 ns | 1 | 0.0127 | 40 B |
TestClassReturn | Core | Core | 15.33 ns | 0.4343 ns | 0.4063 ns | 14.83 ns | 16.44 ns | 15.31 ns | 2 | 0.0229 | 72 B |
TestStructReturn8 | Core | Core | 34.11 ns | 0.7089 ns | 1.4954 ns | 31.52 ns | 36.81 ns | 34.03 ns | 7 | 0.0127 | 40 B |
TestClassReturn8 | Core | Core | 17.04 ns | 0.2299 ns | 0.2150 ns | 16.68 ns | 17.41 ns | 16.98 ns | 3 | 0.0305 | 96 B |
代码测试：
using System;
using System.Text;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes;
using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes.Columns;
using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes.Exporters;
using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes.Jobs;
using DashboardCode.Routines.Json;
namespace Benchmark
{
//[Config(typeof(MyManualConfig))]
[RankColumn, MinColumn, MaxColumn, StdDevColumn, MedianColumn]
[ClrJob, CoreJob]
[HtmlExporter, MarkdownExporter]
[MemoryDiagnoser]
public class BenchmarkStructOrClass
{
static TestStruct testStruct = new TestStruct();
static TestClass testClass = new TestClass();
static TestStruct8 testStruct8 = new TestStruct8();
static TestClass8 testClass8 = new TestClass8();
[Benchmark]
public void TestStructReturn()
{
testStruct.TestMethod();
}
[Benchmark]
public void TestClassReturn()
{
testClass.TestMethod();
}
[Benchmark]
public void TestStructReturn8()
{
testStruct8.TestMethod();
}
[Benchmark]
public void TestClassReturn8()
{
testClass8.TestMethod();
}
public class TestStruct
{
public int Number = 5;
public struct StructType<T>
{
public T Instance;
public List<string> List;
}
public int TestMethod()
{
var s = Method1(1);
return s.Instance;
}
private StructType<int> Method1(int i)
{
return Method2(++i);
}
private StructType<int> Method2(int i)
{
return Method3(++i);
}
private StructType<int> Method3(int i)
{
return Method4(++i);
}
private StructType<int> Method4(int i)
{
var x = new StructType<int>();
x.List = new List<string>();
x.Instance = ++i;
return x;
}
}
public class TestClass
{
public int Number = 5;
public class ClassType<T>
{
public T Instance;
public List<string> List;
}
public int TestMethod()
{
var s = Method1(1);
return s.Instance;
}
private ClassType<int> Method1(int i)
{
return Method2(++i);
}
private ClassType<int> Method2(int i)
{
return Method3(++i);
}
private ClassType<int> Method3(int i)
{
return Method4(++i);
}
private ClassType<int> Method4(int i)
{
var x = new ClassType<int>();
x.List = new List<string>();
x.Instance = ++i;
return x;
}
}
public class TestStruct8
{
public int Number = 5;
public struct StructType<T>
{
public T Instance1;
public T Instance2;
public T Instance3;
public T Instance4;
public T Instance5;
public T Instance6;
public T Instance7;
public List<string> List;
}
public int TestMethod()
{
var s = Method1(1);
return s.Instance1;
}
private StructType<int> Method1(int i)
{
return Method2(++i);
}
private StructType<int> Method2(int i)
{
return Method3(++i);
}
private StructType<int> Method3(int i)
{
return Method4(++i);
}
private StructType<int> Method4(int i)
{
var x = new StructType<int>();
x.List = new List<string>();
x.Instance1 = ++i;
return x;
}
}
public class TestClass8
{
public int Number = 5;
public class ClassType<T>
{
public T Instance1;
public T Instance2;
public T Instance3;
public T Instance4;
public T Instance5;
public T Instance6;
public T Instance7;
public List<string> List;
}
public int TestMethod()
{
var s = Method1(1);
return s.Instance1;
}
private ClassType<int> Method1(int i)
{
return Method2(++i);
}
private ClassType<int> Method2(int i)
{
return Method3(++i);
}
private ClassType<int> Method3(int i)
{
return Method4(++i);
}
private ClassType<int> Method4(int i)
{
var x = new ClassType<int>();
x.List = new List<string>();
x.Instance1 = ++i;
return x;
}
}
}
}
