我经常听到有人说,在编译C和c++程序时,我应该“总是启用编译器警告”。为什么这是必要的?我怎么做呢?

有时我也听到我应该“把警告当作错误”。我应该吗?我怎么做呢?


当前回答

你应该总是启用编译器警告,因为编译器经常会告诉你代码哪里出了问题。为此,您将-Wall -Wextra传递给编译器。

您通常应该将警告视为错误,因为警告通常表示您的代码有问题。然而,通常很容易忽略这些错误。因此,将它们视为错误将导致构建失败,因此您不能忽略这些错误。若要将警告视为错误,请将-Werror传递给编译器。

其他回答

一些警告可能意味着代码中可能出现语义错误或可能出现UB。例如;if()之后,一个未使用的变量,一个被局部变量掩盖的全局变量,或者有符号和无符号的比较。许多警告与编译器中的静态代码分析器或在编译时检测到的违反ISO标准有关,这“需要诊断”。虽然在特定情况下,这些事件可能是合法的,但大多数情况下,它们是设计问题的结果。

一些编译器,例如GCC,有一个命令行选项来激活“警告为错误”模式。这是一个很好的工具,如果残酷,教育新手。

我曾经在一家制造电子测试设备的大公司(财富50强)工作过。

我的团队的核心产品是一个MFC程序,多年来,它产生了数百个警告。在几乎所有的案例中都被忽略了。

当出现bug时,这简直是一场噩梦。

在那个职位之后,我很幸运地被一家新创业公司聘为第一个开发人员。

我鼓励所有构建都采用“无警告”策略,并将编译器警告级别设置为相当吵闹的级别。

我们的做法是使用#pragma warning - push/disable/pop用于开发人员确定确实没问题的代码,并在调试级别使用日志语句,以防万一。

这种做法对我们很有效。

作为使用遗留嵌入式C代码的人,启用编译器警告有助于在提出修复时显示许多弱点和需要调查的领域。在GCC中,使用-Wall和-Wextra甚至-Wshadow变得至关重要。我不打算一一列举每一个危险,但我将列出一些已经出现的有助于显示代码问题的危险。

变量被落下

这可以很容易地指出未完成的工作和可能没有使用所有传递变量的区域,这可能是一个问题。让我们来看看一个简单的函数,它可能会触发这个:

int foo(int a, int b)
{
   int c = 0;

   if (a > 0)
   {
        return a;
   }
   return 0;
}

在没有-Wall或-Wextra的情况下编译它不会返回任何问题。-Wall会告诉你c从来不用:

foo.c:在函数' foo '中:

Foo.c:9:20:警告:未使用的变量' c ' (-Wunused-variable)

wextra还会告诉你参数b什么都不做:

foo.c:在函数' foo '中:

Foo.c:9:20:警告:未使用的变量' c ' (-Wunused-variable)

foo.c:7:20:警告:未使用参数' b ' [-Wunused-parameter] int foo(int a, int b)

全局变量阴影

这一点有点难,直到使用-Wshadow才显示出来。让我们修改上面的示例,只添加一个,但是刚好有一个全局变量和一个局部变量同名,这在尝试使用两者时造成了很多混乱。

int c = 7;

int foo(int a, int b)
{
   int c = a + b;
   return c;
}

当打开-Wshadow时,很容易发现这个问题。

Foo.c:11:9:警告:声明' c '隐藏全局声明 (-Wshadow) Foo.c:1:5:注意:阴影声明在这里

格式字符串

这在GCC中不需要任何额外的标志,但在过去它仍然是问题的根源。一个简单的函数试图打印数据,但有格式化错误,可能是这样的:

void foo(const char * str)
{
    printf("str = %d\n", str);
}

这不会打印字符串,因为格式化标志是错误的,GCC会很高兴地告诉你这可能不是你想要的:

foo.c:在函数' foo '中:

Foo.c:10:12:警告:格式' %d '期望 参数类型为' int ',但参数2的类型为' const char * ' (-Wformat =)


这只是编译器可以为您进行双重检查的许多事情中的三件。还有很多其他的方法,比如使用未初始化的变量。

众所周知,就hll而言,C是一种相当低级的语言。虽然c++看起来是一种比C高级得多的语言,但它仍然具有C的一些特征。其中一个特点就是这些语言是由程序员设计的,为程序员设计的——特别是那些知道自己在做什么的程序员。

(对于这个答案的其余部分,我将专注于C。我要说的大部分内容也适用于c++,尽管可能没有那么强烈。尽管Bjarne Stroustrup有一句名言:“C很容易搬起石头砸自己的脚;c++让它变得更难,但当你这样做的时候,它会把你的整条腿都炸掉。”)

如果你知道你在做什么——真的知道你在做什么——有时候你可能不得不“打破规则”。但大多数时候,我们大多数人都会同意,善意的规则让我们所有人都远离麻烦,一直肆意违反这些规则是一个坏主意。

But in C and C++, there are surprisingly large numbers of things you can do that are "bad ideas", but which aren't formally "against the rules". Sometimes they're a bad idea some of the time (but might be defensible other times); sometimes they're a bad idea virtually all of the time. But the tradition has always been not to warn about these things — because, again, the assumption is that programmers know what they are doing, they wouldn't be doing these things without a good reason, and they'd be annoyed by a bunch of unnecessary warnings.

当然,并不是所有的程序员都知道自己在做什么。特别是,每个C程序员(无论多么有经验)都要经历一个开始C程序员的阶段。即使是有经验的C程序员也会粗心大意,犯错误。

最后,经验表明,程序员不仅会犯错误,而且这些错误会产生真正的、严重的后果。如果你犯了一个错误,编译器没有警告你,而且程序没有立即崩溃,或者因为它而做一些明显的错误,这个错误可能潜伏在那里,隐藏,有时长达数年,直到它造成一个真正的大问题。

So it turns out that, most of the time, warnings are a good idea, after all. Even the experienced programmers have learned that (actually, it's "especially the experienced programmers have learned that"), on balance, the warnings tend to do more good than harm. For every time you did something wrong deliberately and the warning was a nuisance, there are probably at least ten times you did something wrong by accident and the warning saved you from further trouble. And most warnings can be disabled or worked around for those few times when you really want to do the "wrong" thing.

(这类“错误”的一个经典例子是if(A = b)的测试。大多数时候,这确实是一个错误,所以现在大多数编译器都会对此发出警告——有些甚至是默认的。但是如果你真的想把b赋值给a并测试结果,你可以通过输入if((a = b))来禁用警告。

The second question is, why would you want to ask the compiler to treat warnings as errors? I'd say it's because of human nature, specifically, the all-too-easy reaction of saying "Oh, that's just a warning, that's not so important, I'll clean that up later." But if you're a procrastinator (and I don't know about you, but I'm a world-class procrastinator) it's easy to put off the necessary cleanup for basically ever — and if you get into the habit of ignoring warnings, it gets easier and easier to miss an important warning message that's sitting there, unnoticed, in the midst of all the ones you're relentlessly ignoring.

因此,要求编译器将警告视为错误是你可以对自己玩的一个小技巧,以避免这个人类的弱点,迫使自己立即修复警告,否则你的程序将无法编译。

Personally, I'm not as insistent about treating warnings as errors — in fact, if I'm honest, I can say that I don't tend to enable that option in my "personal" programming. But you can be sure I've got that option enabled at work, where our style guide (which I wrote) mandates its use. And I would say — I suspect most professional programmers would say — that any shop that doesn't treat warnings as errors in C is behaving irresponsibly, is not adhering to commonly-accepted industry best practices.

其他的回答都很好,我不想重复他们说过的话。

One other aspect to "why enable warnings" that hasn't properly been touched on is that they help enormously with code maintenance. When you write a program of significant size, it becomes impossible to keep the whole thing in your head at once. You typically have a function or three that you're actively writing and thinking about, and perhaps a file or three on your screen that you can refer to, but the bulk of the program exists in the background somewhere and you have to trust that it keeps working.

如果你改变的某些东西给你看不见的东西带来了麻烦,你就会提醒自己。

例如Clang警告-Wswitch-enum。如果您在枚举上使用开关而漏掉了一个可能的枚举值,则会触发警告。您可能认为这是一个不太可能犯的错误:在编写switch语句时,您可能至少查看了枚举值列表。您甚至可能有一个IDE为您生成开关选项,不为人为错误留下任何空间。

六个月后,当您向枚举中添加另一个可能的条目时,这个警告才真正发挥作用。同样,如果您正在考虑所讨论的代码,那么您可能不会有问题。但是如果这个枚举用于多个不同的目的,并且它是用于您需要额外选项的其中一个目的,那么很容易忘记更新您六个月没有接触过的文件中的开关。

You can think of warnings in the same way as you'd think of automated test cases: they help you make sure that the code is sensible and doing what you need when you first write it, but they help even more to make sure that it keeps doing what you need while you prod at it. The difference is that test cases work very narrowly to the requirements of your code and you have to write them, while warnings work broadly to sensible standards for almost all code, and they're very generously supplied by the boffins who make the compilers.