假设我们有这个元素列表:

a = [1, 2, 3, 2, 1, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5]

我们可以只使用集合来找到唯一的元素:

unique = set()
for num in a:
    if num not in unique:
        unique.add(num)
    else:
        unique = unique - set([num])

最后:

>>> unique
{3, 6}

如果你想要得到副本，你可以简单地做:

>>> duplicates = set(a) - unique
>>> duplicates
{1, 2, 5}

注:

集合中的元素查找是O(1) 从集合中移除的元素是O(1)

集合。Counter是python 2.7中的新功能:

Python 2.5.4 (r254:67916, May 31 2010, 15:03:39) 
[GCC 4.1.2 20080704 (Red Hat 4.1.2-46)] on linux2
a = [1,2,3,2,1,5,6,5,5,5]
import collections
print [x for x, y in collections.Counter(a).items() if y > 1]
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
  File "", line 1, in 
AttributeError: 'module' object has no attribute 'Counter'
>>> 

在早期版本中，你可以使用传统的字典:

a = [1,2,3,2,1,5,6,5,5,5]
d = {}
for elem in a:
    if elem in d:
        d[elem] += 1
    else:
        d[elem] = 1

print [x for x, y in d.items() if y > 1]

你不需要计数，只需要该物品之前是否被看到过。把这个答案用在这个问题上:

def list_duplicates(seq):
  seen = set()
  seen_add = seen.add
  # adds all elements it doesn't know yet to seen and all other to seen_twice
  seen_twice = set( x for x in seq if x in seen or seen_add(x) )
  # turn the set into a list (as requested)
  return list( seen_twice )

a = [1,2,3,2,1,5,6,5,5,5]
list_duplicates(a) # yields [1, 2, 5]

以防速度很重要，这里有一些时间安排:

# file: test.py
import collections

def thg435(l):
    return [x for x, y in collections.Counter(l).items() if y > 1]

def moooeeeep(l):
    seen = set()
    seen_add = seen.add
    # adds all elements it doesn't know yet to seen and all other to seen_twice
    seen_twice = set( x for x in l if x in seen or seen_add(x) )
    # turn the set into a list (as requested)
    return list( seen_twice )

def RiteshKumar(l):
    return list(set([x for x in l if l.count(x) > 1]))

def JohnLaRooy(L):
    seen = set()
    seen2 = set()
    seen_add = seen.add
    seen2_add = seen2.add
    for item in L:
        if item in seen:
            seen2_add(item)
        else:
            seen_add(item)
    return list(seen2)

l = [1,2,3,2,1,5,6,5,5,5]*100

以下是结果:(做得好@JohnLaRooy!)

$ python -mtimeit -s 'import test' 'test.JohnLaRooy(test.l)'
10000 loops, best of 3: 74.6 usec per loop
$ python -mtimeit -s 'import test' 'test.moooeeeep(test.l)'
10000 loops, best of 3: 91.3 usec per loop
$ python -mtimeit -s 'import test' 'test.thg435(test.l)'
1000 loops, best of 3: 266 usec per loop
$ python -mtimeit -s 'import test' 'test.RiteshKumar(test.l)'
100 loops, best of 3: 8.35 msec per loop

有趣的是，除了计时本身，当使用pypy时，排名也略有变化。最有趣的是，基于counter的方法极大地受益于pypy的优化，而我建议的方法缓存方法似乎几乎没有任何效果。

$ pypy -mtimeit -s 'import test' 'test.JohnLaRooy(test.l)'
100000 loops, best of 3: 17.8 usec per loop
$ pypy -mtimeit -s 'import test' 'test.thg435(test.l)'
10000 loops, best of 3: 23 usec per loop
$ pypy -mtimeit -s 'import test' 'test.moooeeeep(test.l)'
10000 loops, best of 3: 39.3 usec per loop

显然，这种效应与输入数据的“重复性”有关。我设置了l = [random.randrange(1000000) for I in xrange(10000)]，得到了这些结果:

$ pypy -mtimeit -s 'import test' 'test.moooeeeep(test.l)'
1000 loops, best of 3: 495 usec per loop
$ pypy -mtimeit -s 'import test' 'test.JohnLaRooy(test.l)'
1000 loops, best of 3: 499 usec per loop
$ pypy -mtimeit -s 'import test' 'test.thg435(test.l)'
1000 loops, best of 3: 1.68 msec per loop

我没有看到一个纯粹使用迭代器的解决方案，所以我们开始吧

这需要对列表进行排序，这可能是这里的缺点。

a = [1,2,3,2,1,5,6,5,5,5]
a.sort()
set(map(lambda x: x[0], filter(lambda x: x[0] == x[1], zip(a, a[1:]))))

{1, 2, 5}

你可以用这段代码轻松检查你的机器有多快，有一百万潜在的重复:

首先生成数据

import random
from itertools import chain
a = list(chain(*[[n] * random.randint(1, 2) for n in range(1000000)]))

并运行测试:

set(map(lambda x: x[0], filter(lambda x: x[0] == x[1], zip(a, a[1:]))))

不用说，这个解决方案只在列表已经排序的情况下才有效。

有点晚了，但可能对一些人有帮助。 对于一个比较大的列表，我发现这个方法很适合我。

l=[1,2,3,5,4,1,3,1]
s=set(l)
d=[]
for x in l:
    if x in s:
        s.remove(x)
    else:
        d.append(x)
d
[1,3,1]

显示正确和所有重复，并保持秩序。

一个非常简单的解决方案，但是复杂度是O(n*n)。

>>> xs = [1,2,3,4,4,5,5,6,1]
>>> set([x for x in xs if xs.count(x) > 1])
set([1, 4, 5])