比如,我有一个脚本,用这行代码调用:

./myscript -vfd ./foo/bar/someFile -o /fizz/someOtherFile

或者这个:

./myscript -v -f -d -o /fizz/someOtherFile ./foo/bar/someFile 

什么是公认的解析方式,以便在每种情况下(或两者的某种组合)$v、$f和$d都将设置为true,而$outFile将等于/fiz/someOtherFile?


当前回答

假设我们创建一个名为test_args.sh的shell脚本,如下所示

#!/bin/sh
until [ $# -eq 0 ]
do
  name=${1:1}; shift;
  if [[ -z "$1" || $1 == -* ]] ; then eval "export $name=true"; else eval "export $name=$1"; shift; fi  
done
echo "year=$year month=$month day=$day flag=$flag"

运行以下命令后:

sh test_args.sh  -year 2017 -flag  -month 12 -day 22 

输出将是:

year=2017 month=12 day=22 flag=true

其他回答

无答案展示了增强的getopt。最热门的答案是误导性的:要么忽略-⁠vfd样式的短选项(OP请求)或位置参数后的选项(OP也请求);并且它忽略解析错误。相反:

使用util-linux或以前的GNUglibc.1中的增强getopt它与GNUglibc的C函数getopt_long()一起工作。本页上没有其他解决方案可以做到这一切:在arguments 2中处理空格、引用字符甚至二进制(非增强型getopt无法做到这一点)它可以在结尾处处理选项:script.sh-o outFile file1 file2-v(getopts不执行此操作)allows=-style long选项:script.sh--outfile=fileOut--infile fileIn(如果自解析,则允许两者都很长)允许组合的短选项,例如-vfd(如果是自解析,则实际工作)允许触摸选项参数,例如-oOutfile或-vfdoOutfile它太旧了,以至于没有GNU系统缺少它(例如,任何Linux都有它)。您可以使用:getopt--test测试它的存在→ 返回值4。其他getopt或shell内置getopt用途有限。

以下通话

myscript -vfd ./foo/bar/someFile -o /fizz/someOtherFile
myscript -v -f -d -o/fizz/someOtherFile -- ./foo/bar/someFile
myscript --verbose --force --debug ./foo/bar/someFile -o/fizz/someOtherFile
myscript --output=/fizz/someOtherFile ./foo/bar/someFile -vfd
myscript ./foo/bar/someFile -df -v --output /fizz/someOtherFile

全部返回

verbose: y, force: y, debug: y, in: ./foo/bar/someFile, out: /fizz/someOtherFile

使用以下myscript

#!/bin/bash
# More safety, by turning some bugs into errors.
# Without `errexit` you don’t need ! and can replace
# ${PIPESTATUS[0]} with a simple $?, but I prefer safety.
set -o errexit -o pipefail -o noclobber -o nounset

# -allow a command to fail with !’s side effect on errexit
# -use return value from ${PIPESTATUS[0]}, because ! hosed $?
! getopt --test > /dev/null 
if [[ ${PIPESTATUS[0]} -ne 4 ]]; then
    echo 'I’m sorry, `getopt --test` failed in this environment.'
    exit 1
fi

# option --output/-o requires 1 argument
LONGOPTS=debug,force,output:,verbose
OPTIONS=dfo:v

# -regarding ! and PIPESTATUS see above
# -temporarily store output to be able to check for errors
# -activate quoting/enhanced mode (e.g. by writing out “--options”)
# -pass arguments only via   -- "$@"   to separate them correctly
! PARSED=$(getopt --options=$OPTIONS --longoptions=$LONGOPTS --name "$0" -- "$@")
if [[ ${PIPESTATUS[0]} -ne 0 ]]; then
    # e.g. return value is 1
    #  then getopt has complained about wrong arguments to stdout
    exit 2
fi
# read getopt’s output this way to handle the quoting right:
eval set -- "$PARSED"

d=n f=n v=n outFile=-
# now enjoy the options in order and nicely split until we see --
while true; do
    case "$1" in
        -d|--debug)
            d=y
            shift
            ;;
        -f|--force)
            f=y
            shift
            ;;
        -v|--verbose)
            v=y
            shift
            ;;
        -o|--output)
            outFile="$2"
            shift 2
            ;;
        --)
            shift
            break
            ;;
        *)
            echo "Programming error"
            exit 3
            ;;
    esac
done

# handle non-option arguments
if [[ $# -ne 1 ]]; then
    echo "$0: A single input file is required."
    exit 4
fi

echo "verbose: $v, force: $f, debug: $d, in: $1, out: $outFile"

1增强的getopt可用于大多数“bash系统”,包括Cygwin;在OS X上,尝试brew安装gnu getopt或sudo端口安装getopt2 POSIX exec()约定没有可靠的方法在命令行参数中传递二进制NULL;这些字节过早地结束了参数3 1997年或之前发布的第一个版本(我只追溯到1997年)

我最终实现了公认答案的dash(或/bin/sh)版本,基本上不使用数组:

while [[ $# -gt 0 ]]; do
    case "$1" in
    -v|--verbose) verbose=1; shift;;
    -o|--output) if [[ $# -gt 1 && "$2" != -* ]]; then
            file=$2; shift 2
        else
            echo "-o requires file-path" 1>&2; exit 1
        fi ;;
    --)
        while [[ $# -gt 0 ]]; do BACKUP="$BACKUP;$1"; shift; done
        break;;
    *)
        BACKUP="$BACKUP;$1"
        shift
        ;;
    esac
done
# Restore unused arguments.
while [ -n "$BACKUP" ] ; do
    [ ! -z "${BACKUP%%;*}" ] && set -- "$@" "${BACKUP%%;*}"
    [ "$BACKUP" = "${BACKUP/;/}" ] && break
    BACKUP="${BACKUP#*;}"
done

我使用前面的答案作为一个起点来整理我以前的即席参数解析。然后我重构了以下模板代码。它使用=或空格分隔的参数以及组合在一起的多个短参数来处理长参数和短参数。最后,它将所有非参数参数重新插入到$1,$2..变量中。

#!/usr/bin/env bash

# NOTICE: Uncomment if your script depends on bashisms.
#if [ -z "$BASH_VERSION" ]; then bash $0 $@ ; exit $? ; fi

echo "Before"
for i ; do echo - $i ; done


# Code template for parsing command line parameters using only portable shell
# code, while handling both long and short params, handling '-f file' and
# '-f=file' style param data and also capturing non-parameters to be inserted
# back into the shell positional parameters.

while [ -n "$1" ]; do
        # Copy so we can modify it (can't modify $1)
        OPT="$1"
        # Detect argument termination
        if [ x"$OPT" = x"--" ]; then
                shift
                for OPT ; do
                        REMAINS="$REMAINS \"$OPT\""
                done
                break
        fi
        # Parse current opt
        while [ x"$OPT" != x"-" ] ; do
                case "$OPT" in
                        # Handle --flag=value opts like this
                        -c=* | --config=* )
                                CONFIGFILE="${OPT#*=}"
                                shift
                                ;;
                        # and --flag value opts like this
                        -c* | --config )
                                CONFIGFILE="$2"
                                shift
                                ;;
                        -f* | --force )
                                FORCE=true
                                ;;
                        -r* | --retry )
                                RETRY=true
                                ;;
                        # Anything unknown is recorded for later
                        * )
                                REMAINS="$REMAINS \"$OPT\""
                                break
                                ;;
                esac
                # Check for multiple short options
                # NOTICE: be sure to update this pattern to match valid options
                NEXTOPT="${OPT#-[cfr]}" # try removing single short opt
                if [ x"$OPT" != x"$NEXTOPT" ] ; then
                        OPT="-$NEXTOPT"  # multiple short opts, keep going
                else
                        break  # long form, exit inner loop
                fi
        done
        # Done with that param. move to next
        shift
done
# Set the non-parameters back into the positional parameters ($1 $2 ..)
eval set -- $REMAINS


echo -e "After: \n configfile='$CONFIGFILE' \n force='$FORCE' \n retry='$RETRY' \n remains='$REMAINS'"
for i ; do echo - $i ; done

这是我的方法-使用正则表达式。

无getopts它处理短参数块-qwerty它处理短参数-q-w-e它处理长选项--qwerty可以将属性传递给短选项或长选项(如果使用的是短选项块,则属性附加到最后一个选项)您可以使用空格或=来提供属性,但属性匹配,直到遇到连字符+空格“分隔符”,所以在--q=qwe ty中,qwe ty是一个属性它处理以上所有内容的混合,因此-o a-op attribute--option=att ribute--option att ribute有效

脚本:

#!/usr/bin/env sh

help_menu() {
  echo "Usage:

  ${0##*/} [-h][-l FILENAME][-d]

Options:

  -h, --help
    display this help and exit

  -l, --logfile=FILENAME
    filename

  -d, --debug
    enable debug
  "
}

parse_options() {
  case $opt in
    h|help)
      help_menu
      exit
     ;;
    l|logfile)
      logfile=${attr}
      ;;
    d|debug)
      debug=true
      ;;
    *)
      echo "Unknown option: ${opt}\nRun ${0##*/} -h for help.">&2
      exit 1
  esac
}
options=$@

until [ "$options" = "" ]; do
  if [[ $options =~ (^ *(--([a-zA-Z0-9-]+)|-([a-zA-Z0-9-]+))(( |=)(([\_\.\?\/\\a-zA-Z0-9]?[ -]?[\_\.\?a-zA-Z0-9]+)+))?(.*)|(.+)) ]]; then
    if [[ ${BASH_REMATCH[3]} ]]; then # for --option[=][attribute] or --option[=][attribute]
      opt=${BASH_REMATCH[3]}
      attr=${BASH_REMATCH[7]}
      options=${BASH_REMATCH[9]}
    elif [[ ${BASH_REMATCH[4]} ]]; then # for block options -qwert[=][attribute] or single short option -a[=][attribute]
      pile=${BASH_REMATCH[4]}
      while (( ${#pile} > 1 )); do
        opt=${pile:0:1}
        attr=""
        pile=${pile/${pile:0:1}/}
        parse_options
      done
      opt=$pile
      attr=${BASH_REMATCH[7]}
      options=${BASH_REMATCH[9]}
    else # leftovers that don't match
      opt=${BASH_REMATCH[10]}
      options=""
    fi
    parse_options
  fi
done

我使用它从末尾迭代key=>值。循环后捕获第一个可选参数。

用法为/script.sh可选的第一个参数-key value-key2 value2

#!/bin/sh

a=$(($#-1))
b=$(($#))
while [ $a -gt 0 ]; do
    eval 'key="$'$a'"; value="$'$b'"'
    echo "$key => $value"
    b=$(($b-2))
    a=$(($a-2))
done
unset a b key value

[ $(($#%2)) -ne 0 ] && echo "first_arg = $1"

当然,你可以从左到右做一些改变。

此代码段显示key=>值对和第一个参数(如果存在)。

#!/bin/sh

a=$((1+$#%2))
b=$((1+$a))

[ $(($#%2)) -ne 0 ] && echo "first_arg = $1"

while [ $a -lt $# ]; do
    eval 'key="$'$a'"; value="$'$b'"'
    echo "$key => $value"
    b=$(($b+2))
    a=$(($a+2))
done

unset a b key value

测试了100000个参数,速度很快。

您还可以从左到右迭代key=>value和第一个可选arg,而不使用eval:

#!/bin/sh

a=$(($#%2))
b=0

[ $a -eq 1 ] && echo "first_arg = $1"

for value; do
    if [ $b -gt $a -a $(($b%2)) -ne $a ]; then
        echo "$key => $value"
    fi
    key="$value"
    b=$((1+$b))
done

unset a b key value