听起来好像你知道接口是如何工作的，但不确定何时使用它们以及它们提供了什么优势。下面是几个例子，说明界面是有意义的:

// if I want to add search capabilities to my application and support multiple search
// engines such as Google, Yahoo, Live, etc.

interface ISearchProvider
{
    string Search(string keywords);
}

然后我可以创建GoogleSearchProvider, YahooSearchProvider, LiveSearchProvider等。

// if I want to support multiple downloads using different protocols
// HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, FTPS, etc.
interface IUrlDownload
{
    void Download(string url)
}

// how about an image loader for different kinds of images JPG, GIF, PNG, etc.
interface IImageLoader
{
    Bitmap LoadImage(string filename)
}

然后创建JpegImageLoader, GifImageLoader, PngImageLoader等。

大多数外接程序和插件系统都离不开接口。

另一种流行的用法是Repository模式。假设我想从不同的来源加载一个邮政编码列表

interface IZipCodeRepository
{
    IList<ZipCode> GetZipCodes(string state);
}

然后我可以创建一个XMLZipCodeRepository, SQLZipCodeRepository, CSVZipCodeRepository等。对于我的web应用程序，我经常在早期创建XML存储库，这样我就可以在SQL数据库准备好之前启动并运行一些东西。一旦数据库准备好了，我就编写一个SQLRepository来替换XML版本。我的其余代码保持不变，因为它完全基于接口运行。

方法可以接受如下接口:

PrintZipCodes(IZipCodeRepository zipCodeRepository, string state)
{
    foreach (ZipCode zipCode in zipCodeRepository.GetZipCodes(state))
    {
        Console.WriteLine(zipCode.ToString());
    }
}

这里有一些关于这个问题的很好的答案，涉及到各种关于接口和松耦合代码、控制反转等等的细节。有一些相当令人兴奋的讨论，所以我想借此机会把事情分解一下，以理解为什么界面是有用的。

When I first started getting exposed to interfaces, I too was confused about their relevance. I didn't understand why you needed them. If we're using a language like Java or C#, we already have inheritance and I viewed interfaces as a weaker form of inheritance and thought, "why bother?" In a sense I was right, you can think of interfaces as sort of a weak form of inheritance, but beyond that I finally understood their use as a language construct by thinking of them as a means of classifying common traits or behaviors that were exhibited by potentially many non-related classes of objects.

例如，假设你有一款SIM游戏，并拥有以下类:

class HouseFly inherits Insect {
    void FlyAroundYourHead(){}
    void LandOnThings(){}
}

class Telemarketer inherits Person {
    void CallDuringDinner(){}
    void ContinueTalkingWhenYouSayNo(){}
}

显然，这两个对象在直接继承方面没有任何共同之处。但是，你可以说它们都很烦人。

让我们假设我们的游戏需要有一些随机的东西让玩家在吃饭时感到厌烦。这可以是HouseFly或Telemarketer，或两者兼而有之，但你如何在一个功能上兼顾两者呢?你如何要求每个不同类型的对象以同样的方式“做他们讨厌的事情”?

要认识到的关键是，Telemarketer和HouseFly都共享一个共同的松散解释的行为，尽管它们在建模方面完全不同。所以，让我们创建一个两者都可以实现的接口:

interface IPest {
    void BeAnnoying();
}

class HouseFly inherits Insect implements IPest {
    void FlyAroundYourHead(){}
    void LandOnThings(){}

    void BeAnnoying() {
        FlyAroundYourHead();
        LandOnThings();
    }
}

class Telemarketer inherits Person implements IPest {
    void CallDuringDinner(){}
    void ContinueTalkingWhenYouSayNo(){}

    void BeAnnoying() {
        CallDuringDinner();
        ContinueTalkingWhenYouSayNo();
    }
}

我们现在有两个类，每个类都以自己的方式令人讨厌。它们不需要派生于相同的基类，也不需要共享共同的固有特征——它们只需要满足IPest的契约——这个契约很简单。你只需要变得烦人。在这方面，我们可以建立以下模型:

class DiningRoom {

    DiningRoom(Person[] diningPeople, IPest[] pests) { ... }

    void ServeDinner() {
        when diningPeople are eating,

        foreach pest in pests
        pest.BeAnnoying();
    }
}

这里我们有一个餐厅，可以接待许多食客和一些害虫——注意界面的使用。这意味着在我们的小世界中，害虫数组的成员实际上可以是Telemarketer对象或HouseFly对象。

The ServeDinner method is called when dinner is served and our people in the dining room are supposed to eat. In our little game, that's when our pests do their work -- each pest is instructed to be annoying by way of the IPest interface. In this way, we can easily have both Telemarketers and HouseFlys be annoying in each of their own ways -- we care only that we have something in the DiningRoom object that is a pest, we don't really care what it is and they could have nothing in common with other.

这个非常人为的伪代码示例(比我预期的要长得多)只是为了说明一些事情，这些事情最终为我打开了一盏灯，让我知道什么时候可以使用接口。我为这个例子的愚蠢提前道歉，但希望它有助于您的理解。而且，可以肯定的是，您在这里收到的其他回答确实涵盖了当今在设计模式和开发方法中使用接口的全部范围。

面向接口而不是实现的代码与Java无关，也与它的接口构造无关。

这个概念是在模式/四人帮的书中突出的，但很可能在那之前就已经存在了。这个概念在Java出现之前就已经存在了。

Java Interface构造的创建就是为了帮助实现这一想法(以及其他一些事情)，人们过于关注作为意义中心的构造，而不是最初的意图。然而，这也是为什么我们在Java、c++、c#等语言中有公共和私有方法和属性的原因。

It means just interact with an object or system's public interface. Don't worry or even anticipate how it does what it does internally. Don't worry about how it is implemented. In object-oriented code, it is why we have public vs. private methods/attributes. We are intended to use the public methods because the private methods are there only for use internally, within the class. They make up the implementation of the class and can be changed as required without changing the public interface. Assume that regarding functionality, a method on a class will perform the same operation with the same expected result every time you call it with the same parameters. It allows the author to change how the class works, its implementation, without breaking how people interact with it.

And you can program to the interface, not the implementation without ever using an Interface construct. You can program to the interface not the implementation in C++, which does not have an Interface construct. You can integrate two massive enterprise systems much more robustly as long as they interact through public interfaces (contracts) rather than calling methods on objects internal to the systems. The interfaces are expected to always react the same expected way given the same input parameters; if implemented to the interface and not the implementation. The concept works in many places.

不要认为Java接口与“面向接口编程，而不是面向实现”的概念有什么关系。它们可以帮助应用概念，但它们不是概念。

在Java中，这些具体类都实现了CharSequence接口:

神健壮健壮健壮健壮

除了Object之外，这些具体的类没有共同的父类，因此它们之间没有任何联系，除了它们各自都与字符数组有关，表示或操作这些字符。例如，String对象实例化后，String的字符不能被更改，而StringBuffer或StringBuilder的字符可以被编辑。

然而，这些类中的每一个都能够适当地实现CharSequence接口方法:

char charAt(int index)
int length()
CharSequence subSequence(int start, int end)
String toString()

在某些情况下，曾经接受String的Java类库类已经修改为现在接受CharSequence接口。因此，如果你有一个StringBuilder实例，而不是提取一个String对象(这意味着实例化一个新的对象实例)，它可以在实现CharSequence接口时直接传递StringBuilder本身。

某些类实现的Appendable接口对于任何可以将字符追加到底层具体类对象实例的实例的情况都具有大致相同的好处。所有这些具体类都实现了Appendable接口:

BufferedWriter, CharArrayWriter, CharBuffer, FileWriter, FilterWriter, LogStream, OutputStreamWriter, PipedWriter, PrintStream, PrintWriter, StringBuffer, StringBuilder, StringWriter, Writer

program to an interface is a term from the GOF book. i would not directly say it has to do with java interface but rather real interfaces. to achieve clean layer separation, you need to create some separation between systems for example: Let's say you had a concrete database you want to use, you would never "program to the database" , instead you would "program to the storage interface". Likewise you would never "program to a Web Service" but rather you would program to a "client interface". this is so you can easily swap things out.

我发现这些规则对我很有帮助:

1. 当我们有多种类型的对象时，我们使用Java接口。如果我只有一个对象，我就看不到意义了。如果某个想法至少有两种具体实现，那么我会使用Java接口。

2. 如果如上所述，您希望从外部系统(存储系统)到自己的系统(本地DB)进行解耦，那么也需要使用接口。

注意有两种方法来考虑何时使用它们。

接口类似于契约，您希望实现类实现在契约(接口)中编写的方法。由于Java不提供多重继承，“编程到接口”是实现多重继承的好方法。

如果您有一个类a，它已经扩展了其他一些类B，但是您希望这个类a也遵循某些指导方针或实现某个契约，那么您可以通过“编程到接口”策略来实现。