功能性更强。

Objective-C是面向对象的语言，但是Cocoa框架是函数式风格的，并且在很多情况下是函数式设计的。

There is separation of mutability. Use immutable classes as primary, and mutable object as secondary. For instance, use NSArray primarily, and use NSMutableArray only when you need. There is pure functions. Not so many, buy many of framework APIs are designed like pure function. Look at functions such as CGRectMake() or CGAffineTransformMake(). Obviously pointer form looks more efficient. However indirect argument with pointers can't offer side-effect-free. Design structures purely as much as possible. Separate even state objects. Use -copy instead of -retain when passing a value to other object. Because shared state can influence mutation to value in other object silently. So can't be side-effect-free. If you have a value from external from object, copy it. So it's also important designing shared state as minimal as possible.

但是也不要害怕使用不纯函数。

There is lazy evaluation. See something like -[UIViewController view] property. The view won't be created when the object is created. It'll be created when caller reading view property at first time. UIImage will not be loaded until it actually being drawn. There are many implementation like this design. This kind of designs are very helpful for resource management, but if you don't know the concept of lazy evaluation, it's not easy to understand behavior of them. There is closure. Use C-blocks as much as possible. This will simplify your life greatly. But read once more about block-memory-management before using it. There is semi-auto GC. NSAutoreleasePool. Use -autorelease primary. Use manual -retain/-release secondary when you really need. (ex: memory optimization, explicit resource deletion)

这是一个微妙但很方便的方法。如果你将自己作为委托传递给另一个对象，在dealloc之前重置该对象的委托。

- (void)dealloc
{
self.someObject.delegate = NULL;
self.someObject = NULL;
//
[super dealloc];
}

这样做可以确保不再发送更多的委托方法。当您即将dealloc并消失在以太中时，您希望确保没有任何东西可以意外地向您发送更多消息。还记得自己。someObject可以被另一个对象保留(它可以是一个单例对象或在自动释放池中或其他任何对象)，直到您告诉它“停止向我发送消息!”，它才会认为您即将被释放的对象是公平的游戏。

养成这种习惯将使您避免大量令人痛苦的调试的奇怪崩溃。

同样的原理也适用于键值观察和NSNotifications。

编辑:

更有防御性的改变:

self.someObject.delegate = NULL;

成:

if (self.someObject.delegate == self)
    self.someObject.delegate = NULL;

声明属性

对于所有属性，您通常应该使用Objective-C 2.0声明属性特性。如果它们不是公共的，将它们添加到类扩展中。使用声明的属性使内存管理语义立即清晰，并使您更容易检查dealloc方法——如果您将属性声明分组在一起，您可以快速扫描它们并与dealloc方法的实现进行比较。

在不将属性标记为“nonatomic”之前，您应该仔细考虑一下。正如《Objective C编程语言指南》所指出的，属性在默认情况下是原子的，并且会产生相当大的开销。此外，简单地将所有属性都设置为原子化并不能使应用程序具有线程安全性。当然，还要注意，如果你没有指定“nonatomic”，并且实现你自己的访问方法(而不是合成它们)，你必须以原子的方式实现它们。

#import "MyClass.h"

@interface MyClass ()
- (void) someMethod;
- (void) someOtherMethod;
@end

@implementation MyClass

如果您使用的是Leopard (Mac OS X 10.5)或更高版本，则可以使用Instruments应用程序来查找和跟踪内存泄漏。在Xcode中构建程序后，选择使用性能工具> Leaks运行>。

即使你的应用程序没有显示任何泄漏，你可能把对象保存得太久了。在Instruments中，您可以为此使用ObjectAlloc工具。在Instruments文档中选择ObjectAlloc乐器，并通过选择View > detail(它旁边应该有一个复选标记)来显示乐器的详细信息(如果还没有显示的话)。在ObjectAlloc详细信息中的“分配生命周期”下，确保选择“已创建和仍然存在”旁边的单选按钮。

现在，每当您停止记录应用程序时，选择ObjectAlloc工具将在“# Net”列中显示对应用程序中每个仍然活动的对象的引用数。确保不仅要查看自己的类，还要查看NIB文件的顶级对象的类。例如，如果你在屏幕上没有窗口，而你看到一个仍然存在的NSWindow的引用，你可能没有在你的代码中释放它。

所有这些评论都很棒，但我真的很惊讶没有人提到谷歌的Objective-C风格指南，这是不久前发布的。我认为他们做得很彻底。