我对现有的答案有以下问题:

Some answers try to clean up lock files and then having to deal with stale lock files caused by e.g. sudden crash/reboot. IMO that is unnecessarily complicated. Let lock files stay. Some answers use script file itself $0 or $BASH_SOURCE for locking often referring to examples from man flock. This fails when script is replaced due to update or edit causing next run to open and obtain lock on the new script file even though another instance holding a lock on the removed file is still running. Few answers use a fixed file descriptor. This is not ideal. I do not want to rely on how this will behave e.g. opening lock file fails but gets mishandled and attempts to lock on unrelated file descriptor inherited from parent process. Another fail case is injecting locking wrapper for a 3rd party binary that does not handle locking itself but fixed file descriptors can interfere with file descriptor passing to child processes. I reject answers using process lookup for already running script name. There are several reasons for it, such as but not limited to reliability/atomicity, parsing output, and having script that does several related functions some of which do not require locking.

这个答案是:

rely on flock because it gets kernel to provide locking ... provided lock file is created atomically and not replaced. assume and rely on lock file being stored on the local filesystem as opposed to NFS. change lock file presence to NOT mean anything about a running instance. Its role is purely to prevent two concurrent instances creating file with same name and replacing another's copy. Lock file does not get deleted, it gets left behind and can survive across reboots. The locking is indicated via flock not via lock file presence. assume bash shell, as tagged by the question.

它不是一个联机程序，但是没有注释和错误消息，它足够小:

#!/bin/bash

LOCKFILE=/var/lock/TODO

set -o noclobber
exec {lockfd}<> "${LOCKFILE}" || exit 1
set +o noclobber # depends on what you need
flock --exclusive --nonblock ${lockfd} || exit 1

但我更喜欢注释和错误消息:

#!/bin/bash

# TODO Set a lock file name
LOCKFILE=/var/lock/myprogram.lock

# Set noclobber option to ensure lock file is not REPLACED.
set -o noclobber

# Open lock file for R+W on a new file descriptor
# and assign the new file descriptor to "lockfd" variable.
# This does NOT obtain a lock but ensures the file exists and opens it.
exec {lockfd}<> "${LOCKFILE}" || {
  echo "pid=$$ failed to open LOCKFILE='${LOCKFILE}'" 1>&2
  exit 1
}

# TODO!!!! undo/set the desired noclobber value for the remainder of the script
set +o noclobber

# Lock on the allocated file descriptor or fail
# Adjust flock options e.g. --noblock as needed
flock --exclusive --nonblock ${lockfd} || {
  echo "pid=$$ failed to obtain lock fd='${lockfd}' LOCKFILE='${LOCKFILE}'" 1>&2
  exit 1
}

# DO work here
echo "pid=$$ obtained exclusive lock fd='${lockfd}' LOCKFILE='${LOCKFILE}'"

# Can unlock after critical section and do more work after unlocking
#flock -u ${lockfd};
# if unlocking then might as well close lockfd too
#exec {lockfd}<&-

实际上，尽管bmdhacks的答案几乎很好，但在第一次检查锁文件之后和在写入它之前，第二个脚本有轻微的机会运行。它们都将写入锁文件，它们都将运行。以下是如何确保它有效的方法:

lockfile=/var/lock/myscript.lock

if ( set -o noclobber; echo "$$" > "$lockfile") 2> /dev/null ; then
  trap 'rm -f "$lockfile"; exit $?' INT TERM EXIT
else
  # or you can decide to skip the "else" part if you want
  echo "Another instance is already running!"
fi

如果文件已经存在，noclobber选项将确保重定向命令将失败。因此，重定向命令实际上是原子的—您用一个命令写入和检查文件。你不需要在文件的末尾删除锁文件-它会被陷阱删除。我希望这对以后读到它的人有帮助。

另外，我没有看到Mikel已经正确地回答了这个问题，尽管他没有包括trap命令，以减少使用Ctrl-C停止脚本后留下锁文件的机会。这就是完整的解

为了使锁定可靠，您需要一个原子操作。以上许多建议 不是原子的。建议的lockfile(1)实用程序作为手册页看起来很有前途 提到，它是“抗nfs”的。如果您的操作系统不支持lockfile(1)和 您的解决方案必须在NFS上工作，您没有太多的选项....

NFSv2有两个原子操作:

符号链接 重命名

在NFSv3中，create调用也是原子的。

目录操作在NFSv2和NFSv3下不是原子的(请参考Brent Callaghan的书“NFS Illustrated”，ISBN 0-201-32570-5;Brent是Sun的nfs老手)。

知道了这一点，你可以为文件和目录实现自旋锁(在shell中，而不是PHP中):

锁定当前目录:

while ! ln -s . lock; do :; done

锁定文件:

while ! ln -s ${f} ${f}.lock; do :; done

解锁当前目录(假设正在运行的进程真的获得了锁):

mv lock deleteme && rm deleteme

解锁文件(假设正在运行的进程真的获得了锁):

mv ${f}.lock ${f}.deleteme && rm ${f}.deleteme

Remove也不是原子的，因此首先是rename(它是原子的)，然后是Remove。

对于符号链接和重命名调用，两个文件名必须驻留在同一个文件系统上。我的建议是:只使用简单的文件名(没有路径)，把file和lock放在同一个目录下。

我想要去掉锁文件，锁dirs，特殊的锁程序，甚至pidof，因为它不是在所有的Linux安装中都能找到的。还希望有尽可能简单的代码(或至少尽可能少的行)。最简单的if语句，在一行中:

if [[ $(ps axf | awk -v pid=$$ '$1!=pid && $6~/'$(basename $0)'/{print $1}') ]]; then echo "Already running"; exit; fi

如果您不想或不能使用flock(例如，您没有使用共享文件系统)，请考虑使用外部服务，如lockable。

它暴露了咨询锁原语，就像flock一样。特别地，你可以通过以下方式获取锁:

https://lockable.dev/api/acquire/my-lock-name

然后通过

https://lockable.dev/api/release/my-lock-name

通过将脚本执行与锁获取和释放结合在一起，您可以确保在任何给定时间只有一个流程实例在运行。

当目标是Debian机器时，我发现lockfile-progs包是一个很好的解决方案。Procmail还附带了一个锁文件工具。然而，有时这两种情况我都无法解决。

下面是我的解决方案，它使用mkdir来检测原子性，并使用PID文件来检测过期的锁。这段代码目前在Cygwin安装环境中运行，运行良好。

要使用它，当您需要独占访问某些东西时，只需调用exclusive_lock_require。一个可选的锁名参数允许您在不同的脚本之间共享锁。如果需要更复杂的功能，还有两个较低级别的函数(exclusive_lock_try和exclusive_lock_retry)。

function exclusive_lock_try() # [lockname]
{

    local LOCK_NAME="${1:-`basename $0`}"

    LOCK_DIR="/tmp/.${LOCK_NAME}.lock"
    local LOCK_PID_FILE="${LOCK_DIR}/${LOCK_NAME}.pid"

    if [ -e "$LOCK_DIR" ]
    then
        local LOCK_PID="`cat "$LOCK_PID_FILE" 2> /dev/null`"
        if [ ! -z "$LOCK_PID" ] && kill -0 "$LOCK_PID" 2> /dev/null
        then
            # locked by non-dead process
            echo "\"$LOCK_NAME\" lock currently held by PID $LOCK_PID"
            return 1
        else
            # orphaned lock, take it over
            ( echo $$ > "$LOCK_PID_FILE" ) 2> /dev/null && local LOCK_PID="$$"
        fi
    fi
    if [ "`trap -p EXIT`" != "" ]
    then
        # already have an EXIT trap
        echo "Cannot get lock, already have an EXIT trap"
        return 1
    fi
    if [ "$LOCK_PID" != "$$" ] &&
        ! ( umask 077 && mkdir "$LOCK_DIR" && umask 177 && echo $$ > "$LOCK_PID_FILE" ) 2> /dev/null
    then
        local LOCK_PID="`cat "$LOCK_PID_FILE" 2> /dev/null`"
        # unable to acquire lock, new process got in first
        echo "\"$LOCK_NAME\" lock currently held by PID $LOCK_PID"
        return 1
    fi
    trap "/bin/rm -rf \"$LOCK_DIR\"; exit;" EXIT

    return 0 # got lock

}

function exclusive_lock_retry() # [lockname] [retries] [delay]
{

    local LOCK_NAME="$1"
    local MAX_TRIES="${2:-5}"
    local DELAY="${3:-2}"

    local TRIES=0
    local LOCK_RETVAL

    while [ "$TRIES" -lt "$MAX_TRIES" ]
    do

        if [ "$TRIES" -gt 0 ]
        then
            sleep "$DELAY"
        fi
        local TRIES=$(( $TRIES + 1 ))

        if [ "$TRIES" -lt "$MAX_TRIES" ]
        then
            exclusive_lock_try "$LOCK_NAME" > /dev/null
        else
            exclusive_lock_try "$LOCK_NAME"
        fi
        LOCK_RETVAL="${PIPESTATUS[0]}"

        if [ "$LOCK_RETVAL" -eq 0 ]
        then
            return 0
        fi

    done

    return "$LOCK_RETVAL"

}

function exclusive_lock_require() # [lockname] [retries] [delay]
{
    if ! exclusive_lock_retry "$@"
    then
        exit 1
    fi
}