要创建一个带有公共方法的JavaScript类,我可以这样做:

function Restaurant() {}

Restaurant.prototype.buy_food = function(){
   // something here
}

Restaurant.prototype.use_restroom = function(){
   // something here
}

这样,我类的用户就可以:

var restaurant = new Restaurant();
restaurant.buy_food();
restaurant.use_restroom();

如何创建一个私有方法,可以由buy_food和use_restroom方法调用,但不能由类的用户外部调用?

换句话说,我希望我的方法实现能够做到:

Restaurant.prototype.use_restroom = function() {
   this.private_stuff();
}

但这是行不通的:

var r = new Restaurant();
r.private_stuff();

如何将private_stuff定义为私有方法,使两者都成立?

我读过Doug Crockford的文章几次,但它似乎不像“私有”方法可以被公共方法调用,而“特权”方法可以被外部调用。


当前回答

你必须在你实际的构造函数周围放一个闭包,在那里你可以定义你的私有方法。 要通过这些私有方法改变实例的数据,你必须给它们一个"this",要么作为函数参数,要么用.apply(this)调用这个函数:

var Restaurant = (function(){
    var private_buy_food = function(that){
        that.data.soldFood = true;
    }
    var private_take_a_shit = function(){
        this.data.isdirty = true;   
    }
    // New Closure
    function restaurant()
    {
        this.data = {
            isdirty : false,
            soldFood: false,
        };
    }

    restaurant.prototype.buy_food = function()
    {
       private_buy_food(this);
    }
    restaurant.prototype.use_restroom = function()
    {
       private_take_a_shit.call(this);
    }
    return restaurant;
})()

// TEST:

var McDonalds = new Restaurant();
McDonalds.buy_food();
McDonalds.use_restroom();
console.log(McDonalds);
console.log(McDonalds.__proto__);

其他回答

我知道这是一个老话题,但我试图找到一种方法来保持代码的“简单性”的可维护性的目的,并保持轻的内存负载。它有这样的模式。希望能有所帮助。

const PublicClass=function(priv,pub,ro){
    let _priv=new PrivateClass(priv,pub,ro);
    ['publicMethod'].forEach(k=>this[k]=(...args)=>_priv[k](...args));
    ['publicVar'].forEach(k=>Object.defineProperty(this,k,{get:()=>_priv[k],set:v=>_priv[k]=v}));
    ['readOnlyVar'].forEach(k=>Object.defineProperty(this,k,{get:()=>_priv[k]}));
};

class PrivateClass{
    constructor(priv,pub,ro){
        this.privateVar=priv;
        this.publicVar=pub;
        this.readOnlyVar=ro;
    }
    publicMethod(arg1,arg2){
        return this.privateMethod(arg1,arg2);
    }
    privateMethod(arg1,arg2){
        return arg1+''+arg2;
    }
}
// in node;
module.exports=PublicClass;
// in browser;
const PublicClass=(function(){
    // code here
    return PublicClass;
})();

同样的原则适用于老式浏览器:

var PublicClass=function(priv,pub,ro){
    var scope=this;
    var _priv=new PrivateClass(priv,pub,ro);
    ['publicMethod'].forEach(function(k){
        scope[k]=function(){return _priv[k].apply(_priv,arguments)};
    });
    ['publicVar'].forEach(function(k){
        Object.defineProperty(scope,k,{get:function(){return _priv[k]},set:function(v){_priv[k]=v}});
    });
    ['readOnlyVar'].forEach(function(k){
        Object.defineProperty(scope,k,{get:function(){return _priv[k]}});
    });
};

var PrivateClass=function(priv,pub,ro){
    this.privateVar=priv;
    this.publicVar=pub;
    this.readOnlyVar=ro;
};
PrivateClass.prototype.publicMethod=function(arg1,arg2){
    return this.privateMethod(arg1,arg2);
};
PrivateClass.prototype.privateMethod=function(arg1,arg2){
    return arg1+''+arg2;
};

为了减轻公共类的冗长和负载,将此模式应用于构造函数:

const AbstractPublicClass=function(instanciate,inherit){
    let _priv=instanciate();
    inherit.methods?.forEach(k=>this[k]=(...args)=>_priv[k](...args));
    inherit.vars?.forEach(k=>Object.defineProperty(this,k,{get:()=>_priv[k],set:v=>_priv[k]=v}));
    inherit.readonly?.forEach(k=>Object.defineProperty(this,k,{get:()=>_priv[k]}));
};

AbstractPublicClass.static=function(_pub,_priv,inherit){
    inherit.methods?.forEach(k=>_pub[k]=(...args)=>_priv[k](...args));
    inherit.vars?.forEach(k=>Object.defineProperty(_pub,k,{get:()=>_priv[k],set:v=>_priv[k]=v}));
    inherit.readonly?.forEach(k=>Object.defineProperty(_pub,k,{get:()=>_priv[k]}));
};

使用:

// PrivateClass ...
PrivateClass.staticVar='zog';
PrivateClass.staticMethod=function(){return 'hello '+this.staticVar;};


const PublicClass=function(priv,pub,ro){
    AbstractPublicClass.apply(this,[()=>new PrivateClass(priv,pub,ro),{
        methods:['publicMethod'],
        vars:['publicVar'],
        readonly:['readOnlyVar']
    }]);
};
AbstractPublicClass.static(PublicClass,PrivateClass,{
    methods:['staticMethod'],
    vars:['staticVar']
});

PS:这种方法的默认(大多数时候可以忽略不计)是,与完全公共相比,它可以占用很小的计算负载。但只要你不使用它与高度请求类应该是可以的。

var TestClass = function( ) {

    var privateProperty = 42;

    function privateMethod( ) {
        alert( "privateMethod, " + privateProperty );
    }

    this.public = {
        constructor: TestClass,

        publicProperty: 88,
        publicMethod: function( ) {
            alert( "publicMethod" );
            privateMethod( );
        }
    };
};
TestClass.prototype = new TestClass( ).public;


var myTestClass = new TestClass( );

alert( myTestClass.publicProperty );
myTestClass.publicMethod( );

alert( myTestClass.privateMethod || "no privateMethod" );

类似于georgebrock,但不太啰嗦(恕我直言) 这样做有什么问题吗?(我哪儿都没见过)

编辑:我意识到这有点没用,因为每个独立的实例化都有自己的公共方法副本,从而破坏了原型的使用。

2021年这里!

这个polyfill有效地隐藏了你的私有属性和方法,当你试图读取你的私有属性时返回undefined,当你试图执行你的私有方法时返回TypeError,从而有效地使它们对外部都是private,但让你通过使用你的公共方法访问它们。

如果你检查它,你会发现它很容易实现。在大多数情况下,你不需要做任何奇怪的事情,如使用代理对象,下划线函数(_myprivate), getter或setter。都不是。唯一需要做的事情是在构造函数中放置一段类似的代码片段,目的是让您向外界公开您的公共接口。

((self) => ({
      pubProp: self.pubProp,
      // More public properties to export HERE
      // ...
      pubMethod: self.pubMethod.bind(self)
      // More public mehods to export HERE
      // Be sure bind each of them to self!!!
      // ... 
 }))(self);

上面的代码就是魔术发生的地方。它是一个IIFE,返回一个对象,其中只包含您想要公开并绑定到第一次实例化的对象的上下文的属性和方法。

你仍然可以访问你的隐藏属性和方法,但只能通过你的公共方法,就像OOP应该做的那样。 将这部分代码视为module.exports

顺便说一句,这是没有使用最新的ECMAScript 2022 #添加到语言中。

'use strict'; class MyClass { constructor(pubProp) { let self = this; self.pubProp = pubProp; self.privProp = "I'm a private property!"; return ((self) => ({ pubProp: self.pubProp, // More public properties to export HERE // ... pubMethod: self.pubMethod.bind(self) // More public mehods to export HERE // Be sure to bind each of them to self!!! // ... }))(self); } pubMethod() { console.log("I'm a public method!"); console.log(this.pubProp); return this.privMethod(); } privMethod() { console.log("I'm a private method!"); return this.privProp } } const myObj = new MyClass("I'm a public property!"); console.log("***DUMPING MY NEW INSTANCE***"); console.dir(myObj); console.log(""); console.log("***TESTING ACCESS TO PUBLIC PROPERTIES***"); console.log(myObj.pubProp); console.log(""); console.log("***TESTING ACCESS TO PRIVATE PROPERTIES***"); console.log(myObj.privProp); console.log(""); console.log("***TESTING ACCESS TO PUBLIC METHODS***"); console.log("1. pubMethod access pubProp "); console.log("2. pubMethod calls privMethod"); console.log("3. privMethod access privProp"); console.log("") console.log(myObj.pubMethod()); console.log(""); console.log("***TESTING ACCESS TO PRIVATE METHODS***"); console.log(myObj.privMethod());

看看我的主旨

一般来说,我将私有Object _临时添加到对象中。 您必须在该方法的“Power-constructor”中显式地打开隐私。 如果您从原型中调用该方法,您将会 能够覆盖原型方法

使一个公共方法在"Power-constructor"中可访问:(ctx是对象上下文) ctx。test = GD.Fabric。(“测试”,GD.Test开放。原型,ctx, _);//是私有对象 现在我有这个openPrivacy: GD.Fabric.openPrivacy = function(func, clss, ctx, _) { 返回函数(){ ctx。_ = _; Var res = clss[func]。应用(ctx、参数); ctx。_ = null; 返回res; }; };

以下是迄今为止我最喜欢的关于javascript中的私有/公共方法/成员和实例化:

这是文章:http://www.sefol.com/?p=1090

下面是一个例子:

var Person = (function () {

    //Immediately returns an anonymous function which builds our modules 
    return function (name, location) {

        alert("createPerson called with " + name);

        var localPrivateVar = name;

        var localPublicVar = "A public variable";

        var localPublicFunction = function () {
            alert("PUBLIC Func called, private var is :" + localPrivateVar)
        };

        var localPrivateFunction = function () {
            alert("PRIVATE Func called ")
        };

        var setName = function (name) {

            localPrivateVar = name;

        }

        return {

            publicVar: localPublicVar,

            location: location,

            publicFunction: localPublicFunction,

            setName: setName

        }

    }
})();


//Request a Person instance - should print "createPerson called with ben"
var x = Person("ben", "germany");

//Request a Person instance - should print "createPerson called with candide"
var y = Person("candide", "belgium");

//Prints "ben"
x.publicFunction();

//Prints "candide"
y.publicFunction();

//Now call a public function which sets the value of a private variable in the x instance
x.setName("Ben 2");

//Shouldn't have changed this : prints "candide"
y.publicFunction();

//Should have changed this : prints "Ben 2"
x.publicFunction();

JSFiddle: http://jsfiddle.net/northkildonan/kopj3dt3/1/