我知道这是一个老问题，但是现在有了最新的(>= 4.3)内核，这个问题终于有了一个很好的答案——环境能力。

快速的答案是从git中获取libcap的最新(尚未发布的)版本的副本并编译它。将生成的progs/capsh二进制文件复制到某个地方(/usr/local/bin是一个不错的选择)。然后，作为根用户，使用

/usr/local/bin/capsh --keep=1 --user='your-service-user-name' \
    --inh='cap_net_bind_service' --addamb='cap_net_bind_service' \ 
    -- -c 'your-program'

按顺序，我们是

声明当切换用户时，我们希望保持当前的功能集 切换用户和组到“your-service-user-name” 将cap_net_bind_service功能添加到继承的&环境集 派生bash -c 'your-command'(因为capsh会自动用——后面的参数启动bash)

这里隐藏着很多秘密。

Firstly, we are running as root, so by default, we get a full set of capabilities. Included in this is the ability to switch uid & gid with the setuid and setgid syscalls. However, ordinarily when a program does this, it loses its set of capabilities - this is so that the old way of dropping root with setuid still works. The --keep=1 flag tells capsh to issue the prctl(PR_SET_KEEPCAPS) syscall, which disables the dropping of capabilities when changing user. The actual changing of users by capsh happens with the --user flag, which runs setuid and setgid.

The next problem we need to solve is how to set capabilities in a way that carries on after we exec our children. The capabilities system has always had an 'inherited' set of capabilities, which is " a set of capabilities preserved across an execve(2)" [capabilities(7)]. Whilst this sounds like it solves our problem (just set the cap_net_bind_service capability to inherited, right?), this actually only applies for privileged processes - and our process is not privileged anymore, because we already changed user (with the --user flag).

新的环境能力集解决了这个问题——它是“在一个没有特权的程序的执行中保存的一组能力。”通过将cap_net_bind_service放在环境集中，当capsh exec执行我们的服务器程序时，我们的程序将继承此功能，并能够将侦听器绑定到低端口。

如果您有兴趣了解更多信息，功能手册页详细解释了这一点。通过strace运行capsh也是非常有用的!

您可以进行端口重定向。这就是我为运行在Linux机器上的Silverlight策略服务器所做的工作

iptables -A PREROUTING -t nat -i eth0 -p tcp --dport 943 -j REDIRECT --to-port 1300

使用systemd，您只需要稍微修改您的服务以接受预激活的套接字。

稍后可以使用systemd套接字激活。

不需要任何功能、iptables或其他技巧。

这是这个简单的python http服务器示例中的相关systemd文件的内容

文件httpd-true.service

[Unit]
Description=Httpd true 

[Service]
ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/httpd-true
User=subsonic

PrivateTmp=yes

文件httpd-true.socket

[Unit]
Description=HTTPD true

[Socket]
ListenStream=80

[Install]
WantedBy=default.target

出于某种原因，没有人提到降低sysctl net.ipv4。Ip_unprivileged_port_start到您需要的值。 示例:我们需要将应用程序绑定到443端口。

sysctl net.ipv4.ip_unprivileged_port_start=443

有些人可能会说，存在潜在的安全问题:非特权用户现在可能绑定到其他特权端口(444-1024)。 但是你可以用iptables通过阻塞其他端口轻松解决这个问题:

iptables -I INPUT -p tcp --dport 444:1024 -j DROP
iptables -I INPUT -p udp --dport 444:1024 -j DROP

与其他方法的比较。这个方法:

from some point is (IMO) even more secure than setting CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE/setuid, since an application doesn't setuid at all, even partly (capabilities actually are). For example, to catch a coredump of capability-enabled application you will need to change sysctl fs.suid_dumpable (which leads to another potential security problems) Also, when CAP/suid is set, /proc/PID directory is owned by root, so your non-root user will not have full information/control of running process, for example, user will not be able (in common case) to determine which connections belong to application via /proc/PID/fd/ (netstat -aptn | grep PID). has security disadvantage: while your app (or any app that uses ports 443-1024) is down for some reason, another app could take the port. But this problem could also be applied to CAP/suid (in case you set it on interpreter, e.g. java/nodejs) and iptables-redirect. Use systemd-socket method to exclude this problem. Use authbind method to only allow special user binding. doesn't require setting CAP/suid every time you deploy new version of application. doesn't require application support/modification, like systemd-socket method. doesn't require kernel rebuild (if running version supports this sysctl setting) doesn't do LD_PRELOAD like authbind/privbind method, this could potentially affect performance, security, behavior (does it? haven't tested). In the rest authbind is really flexible and secure method. over-performs iptables REDIRECT/DNAT method, since it doesn't require address translation, connection state tracking, etc. This only noticeable on high-load systems.

根据具体情况，我将在sysctl、CAP、authbind和iptables-redirect之间进行选择。我们有这么多选择真是太好了。

在libcap网站上有一个文件共享库链接到非特权应用程序的实例。最近在回答一个关于向共享库添加功能的问题时提到了它。

在启动时:

iptables -A PREROUTING -t nat -i eth0 -p tcp --dport 80 -j REDIRECT --to-port 8080

然后可以绑定到您转发的端口。