A stream is a highly abstracted metaphor and a strict contract. It means that you can manipulate objects in sequence without concern about gaps. That is to say, a stream must have no vacuum or gaps. Objects in it are arranged in sequence one by one continuously. As a result, we don't have to worry about encountering a vacuum abruptly in the midst of processing a stream, or we can't leave a vacuum deliberately when producing a stream. In other words, we don't have to consider the case of a void in processing or producing a stream. There is no way we can come across it or produce it on purpose. If you are constructing a stream, you must not leave any gaps in the stream.

换句话说，如果有一个缺口，它一定不是一个流。当您将序列称为流时，要么您被保证其中没有空白，要么您必须信守您所生成的序列中没有空白的承诺。

回顾一下，想象一条水流。它最大的特点是什么?

连续!

溪流的抽象精神就是关于它的。

把流看作是抽象的数据源(字节、字符等)。它们抽象了具体数据源的实际读写机制，可以是网络套接字、磁盘上的文件或来自web服务器的响应。

我使用的可视化是传送带，不是在真实的工厂里，因为我对此一无所知，而是在卡通工厂里，物品沿着线移动，被盖章、装箱、计数和检查，由一系列愚蠢的设备完成。

你有做一件事的简单组件，例如一个把樱桃放在蛋糕上的设备。这个设备有一个无樱桃蛋糕的输入流，和一个有樱桃蛋糕的输出流。用这种方式组织处理有三个优点值得一提。

首先，它简化了组件本身:如果你想把巧克力糖衣放在蛋糕上，你不需要一个复杂的设备，知道蛋糕的一切，你可以创造一个愚蠢的设备，把巧克力糖衣粘在任何东西上(在漫画中，这甚至不知道下一个东西不是蛋糕，而是怀尔E.大狼)。

其次，你可以通过将这些设备按不同的顺序排列来创造不同的产品:也许你想让你的蛋糕在樱桃上放糖衣，而不是樱桃在糖衣上，你可以简单地通过在生产线上交换设备来做到这一点。

Thirdly, the devices don't need to manage inventory, boxing, or unboxing. The most efficient way of aggregating and packaging things is changeable: maybe today you're putting your cakes into boxes of 48 and sending them out by the truckload, but tomorrow you want to send out boxes of six in response to custom orders. This kind of change can be accommodated by replacing or reconfiguring the machines at the start and end of the production line; the cherry machine in the middle of the line doesn't have to be changed to process a different number of items at a time, it always works with one item at a time and it doesn't have to know how its input or output is being grouped.

流是一种抽象，它提供了一组用于与数据交互的标准方法和属性。通过从实际的存储介质中抽象出来，可以编写代码而不完全依赖于该介质是什么，甚至不依赖于该介质的实现。

一个很好的类比可能是考虑一个袋子。你不在乎一个包是什么做的，也不在乎当你把东西放进去的时候它能做什么，只要这个包能发挥它的功能，你就能把东西拿出来。流为存储介质定义了袋的概念，就像袋的概念为袋的不同实例(如垃圾袋、手提包、背包等)定义的那样——交互规则。

我所见过的关于流的最好解释是SICP的第3章。(你可能需要阅读前两章才能理解，但无论如何你都应该这样做。: -)

它们对字节根本不使用sterams，而是整数。我从中得到的要点是:

流是延迟列表 在某些情况下，急于提前计算所有内容的计算开销是惊人的 我们可以用流来表示无限长的序列

流表示可以按顺序访问的对象序列(通常是字节，但不一定是这样)。流的典型操作:

read one byte. Next time you read, you'll get the next byte, and so on. read several bytes from the stream into an array seek (move your current position in the stream, so that next time you read you get bytes from the new position) write one byte write several bytes from an array into the stream skip bytes from the stream (this is like read, but you ignore the data. Or if you prefer it's like seek but can only go forwards.) push back bytes into an input stream (this is like "undo" for read - you shove a few bytes back up the stream, so that next time you read that's what you'll see. It's occasionally useful for parsers, as is: peek (look at bytes without reading them, so that they're still there in the stream to be read later)

一个特定的流可能支持读(在这种情况下，它是一个“输入流”)，写(“输出流”)或两者都支持。并不是所有的溪流都是可搜索的。

Push back is fairly rare, but you can always add it to a stream by wrapping the real input stream in another input stream that holds an internal buffer. Reads come from the buffer, and if you push back then data is placed in the buffer. If there's nothing in the buffer then the push back stream reads from the real stream. This is a simple example of a "stream adaptor": it sits on the "end" of an input stream, it is an input stream itself, and it does something extra that the original stream didn't.

Stream is a useful abstraction because it can describe files (which are really arrays, hence seek is straightforward) but also terminal input/output (which is not seekable unless buffered), sockets, serial ports, etc. So you can write code which says either "I want some data, and I don't care where it comes from or how it got here", or "I'll produce some data, and it's entirely up to my caller what happens to it". The former takes an input stream parameter, the latter takes an output stream parameter.

我能想到的最好的比喻是，溪流是一条传送带，向你走来或离开你(有时两者兼而有之)。你从输入流中取出东西，你把东西放到输出流中。有些传送带你可以认为是从墙上的一个洞里出来的——它们是不可寻找的，阅读或写作是一次性的交易。一些传送带就摆在你面前，你可以在溪流中选择你想读/写的位置——这就是寻找。

As IRBMe says, though, it's best to think of a stream in terms of the operations it offers (which vary from implementation to implementation, but have a lot in common) rather than by a physical analogy. Streams are "things you can read or write". When you start connecting up stream adaptors, you can think of them as a box with a conveyor in, and a conveyor out, that you connect to other streams and then the box performs some transformation on the data (zipping it, or changing UNIX linefeeds to DOS ones, or whatever). Pipes are another thorough test of the metaphor: that's where you create a pair of streams such that anything you write into one can be read out of the other. Think wormholes :-)