我不时地读到Fortran在繁重的计算中比C更快。这是真的吗?我必须承认我几乎不懂Fortran,但是到目前为止我看到的Fortran代码并没有显示出该语言具有C语言所不具备的特性。
如果是真的,请告诉我原因。请不要告诉我什么语言或库适合处理数字,我不打算写一个应用程序或库来做这个,我只是好奇。
我不时地读到Fortran在繁重的计算中比C更快。这是真的吗?我必须承认我几乎不懂Fortran,但是到目前为止我看到的Fortran代码并没有显示出该语言具有C语言所不具备的特性。
如果是真的,请告诉我原因。请不要告诉我什么语言或库适合处理数字,我不打算写一个应用程序或库来做这个,我只是好奇。
当前回答
是的,在1980年;在2008年?取决于
当我开始专业编程时,Fortran的速度优势正受到挑战。我记得我在Dr. Dobbs上读到过这篇文章,并把这篇文章告诉了年长的程序员——他们都笑了。
所以我对此有两种观点,理论上的和实际的。从理论上讲,今天的Fortran与C/ c++甚至任何允许汇编代码的语言相比,并没有内在的优势。在实践中,今天的Fortran仍然享有围绕优化数值代码而建立的历史和文化遗产的好处。
Up until and including Fortran 77, language design considerations had optimization as a main focus. Due to the state of compiler theory and technology, this often meant restricting features and capability in order to give the compiler the best shot at optimizing the code. A good analogy is to think of Fortran 77 as a professional race car that sacrifices features for speed. These days compilers have gotten better across all languages and features for programmer productivity are more valued. However, there are still places where the people are mainly concerned with speed in scientific computing; these people most likely have inherited code, training and culture from people who themselves were Fortran programmers.
当人们开始谈论代码优化时,会有很多问题,了解这一点的最好方法是潜伏在那些工作是快速编写数字代码的人身上。但是请记住,这种高度敏感的代码通常只占整个代码行的一小部分,而且非常专门:许多Fortran代码就像其他语言中的许多其他代码一样“低效”,优化甚至不应该是此类代码的主要关注点。
要开始了解Fortran的历史和文化,维基百科是一个很好的地方。Fortran维基百科的条目是一流的,我非常感谢那些花时间和精力使它对Fortran社区有价值的人。
(这个答案的缩短版本本可以在Nils开始的优秀帖子中发表评论,但我没有这样做的业力。实际上,如果不是因为这个帖子有实际的信息内容和分享,而不是激烈的争吵和语言偏见,我可能根本不会写任何东西,这是我对这个主题的主要经验。我不知所措,不得不分享这份爱。)
其他回答
我还没有听说过Fortan比C快得多,但是可以想象在某些情况下它会更快。关键不在于语言特征的存在,而在于那些(通常)不存在的特征。
一个例子是C指针。C指针几乎到处都在使用,但指针的问题是编译器通常无法判断它们是否指向同一个数组的不同部分。
例如,如果你写了一个strcpy例程,看起来像这样:
strcpy(char *d, const char* s)
{
while(*d++ = *s++);
}
编译器必须在d和s可能是重叠数组的假设下工作。所以当数组重叠时,它不能执行会产生不同结果的优化。正如您所期望的,这在很大程度上限制了可以执行的优化类型。
[我应该注意到,C99有一个“restrict”关键字,显式地告诉编译器指针不重叠。还要注意,Fortran也有指针,语义不同于C语言,但指针不像C语言那样无处不在。
但是回到C与Fortran的问题上,可以想象,Fortran编译器能够执行一些对于(直接编写的)C程序可能无法实现的优化。所以我不会对这种说法感到太惊讶。不过,我确实希望性能差异不会太大。(~ 5 - 10%)
Fortran速度更快有几个原因。然而,它们的重要性是如此无关紧要,或者可以通过任何方式解决,所以它不应该是重要的。现在使用Fortran的主要原因是维护或扩展遗留应用程序。
PURE and ELEMENTAL keywords on functions. These are functions that have no side effects. This allows optimizations in certain cases where the compiler knows the same function will be called with the same values. Note: GCC implements "pure" as an extension to the language. Other compilers may as well. Inter-module analysis can also perform this optimization but it is difficult. standard set of functions that deal with arrays, not individual elements. Stuff like sin(), log(), sqrt() take arrays instead of scalars. This makes it easier to optimize the routine. Auto-vectorization gives the same benefits in most cases if these functions are inline or builtins Builtin complex type. In theory this could allow the compiler to reorder or eliminate certain instructions in certain cases, but likely you'd see the same benefit with the struct { double re; double im; }; idiom used in C. It makes for faster development though as operators work on complex types in Fortran.
使用现代标准和编译器,不!
Some of the folks here have suggested that FORTRAN is faster because the compiler doesn't need to worry about aliasing (and hence can make more assumptions during optimisation). However, this has been dealt with in C since the C99 (I think) standard with the inclusion of the restrict keyword. Which basically tells the compiler, that within a give scope, the pointer is not aliased. Furthermore C enables proper pointer arithmetic, where things like aliasing can be very useful in terms of performance and resource allocation. Although I think more recent version of FORTRAN enable the use of "proper" pointers.
对于现代实现,C通用优于FORTRAN(尽管它也非常快)。
http://benchmarksgame.alioth.debian.org/u64q/fortran.html
编辑:
一个公平的批评似乎是,基准测试可能是有偏见的。这里是另一个来源(相对于C),将结果放在更多的上下文中:
http://julialang.org/benchmarks/
你可以看到C在大多数情况下优于Fortran(再次看到下面的批评也适用于这里);正如其他人所指出的,基准测试是一门不精确的科学,很容易偏袒一种语言而不是其他语言。但它确实说明了Fortran和C语言有相似的性能。
简单快捷: 这两种语言同样快,但Fortran更简单。 到底哪个更快取决于算法,但无论如何,速度上没有很大的差别。这是我2015年在德国斯图加德高性能计算中心的Fortran研讨会上所学到的。我同时使用Fortran和C语言,我也有同样的观点。
解释:
C语言是用来编写操作系统的。因此,它拥有编写高性能代码所需的更多自由。一般来说,这是没有问题的,但是如果一个人不仔细编程,他很容易减慢代码的速度。
Fortran是为科学编程而设计的。因此,它支持编写语法方面的快速代码,因为这是Fortran的主要目的。与公众的看法相反,Fortran并不是一种过时的编程语言。它的最新标准是2010年,新的编译器定期发布,因为大多数高性能代码都是用Fortran编写的。Fortran进一步支持现代功能,如编译器指令(在C语言中)。
例子: 我们想给一个大的结构体作为函数的输入参数(fortran: suboutine)。在函数中,参数不会被改变。
C同时支持引用调用和值调用,这是一个非常方便的特性。在我们的例子中,程序员可能会意外地使用按值调用。这大大降低了速度,因为需要首先将结构体复制到内存中。
Fortran只使用引用调用,这迫使程序员手动复制结构,如果他真的想要按值调用操作。在我们的例子中,通过引用调用,fortran将自动和C版本一样快。
There is another item where Fortran is different than C - and potentially faster. Fortran has better optimization rules than C. In Fortran, the evaluation order of an expressions is not defined, which allows the compiler to optimize it - if one wants to force a certain order, one has to use parentheses. In C the order is much stricter, but with "-fast" options, they are more relaxed and "(...)" are also ignored. I think Fortran has a way which lies nicely in the middle. (Well, IEEE makes the live more difficult as certain evaluation-order changes require that no overflows occur, which either has to be ignored or hampers the evaluation).
另一个更聪明的规则领域是复数。这不仅是因为直到c99才有了它们,而且Fortran中管理它们的规则更好;由于gfortran的Fortran库部分是用C编写的,但实现了Fortran语义,GCC获得了这个选项(也可以用于“普通”C程序):
-fcx-fortran-rules 复杂的乘法和除法遵循Fortran规则。范围缩减是作为复杂除法的一部分进行的,但是没有检查复杂乘法或除法的结果是否是“NaN + I*NaN”,试图在这种情况下挽救这种情况。
The alias rules mentioned above is another bonus and also - at least in principle - the whole-array operations, which if taken properly into account by the optimizer of the compiler, can lead faster code. On the contra side are that certain operation take more time, e.g. if one does an assignment to an allocatable array, there are lots of checks necessary (reallocate? [Fortran 2003 feature], has the array strides, etc.), which make the simple operation more complex behind the scenes - and thus slower, but makes the language more powerful. On the other hand, the array operations with flexible bounds and strides makes it easier to write code - and the compiler is usually better optimizing code than a user.
总的来说,我认为C和Fortran的速度差不多;选择应该更多的是你更喜欢哪种语言,或者是使用Fortran的全数组操作及其更好的可移植性更有用,还是使用C中更好的系统接口和图形用户界面库。