Java中的ThreadLocal类使您能够创建只能由同一个线程读写的变量。因此，即使两个线程正在执行相同的代码，并且该代码有一个对ThreadLocal变量的引用，那么两个线程也不能看到彼此的ThreadLocal变量。

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什么时候?

当一个对象不是线程安全的时候，为了避免影响可伸缩性的同步，给每个线程一个对象，并保持它的线程作用域，即ThreadLocal。最常用但不是线程安全的对象之一是数据库Connection和JMSConnection。

如何?

例如，Spring框架通过将这些连接对象保存在ThreadLocal变量中，在幕后大量使用ThreadLocal来管理事务。在高层，当事务启动时，它获得连接(并禁用自动提交)并将其保存在ThreadLocal中。在进一步的db调用中，它使用相同的连接与db通信。最后，它从ThreadLocal获取连接，提交(或回滚)事务并释放连接。

我认为log4j也使用ThreadLocal来维护MDC。

[参考]ThreadLocal无法解决共享对象的更新问题。建议使用staticThreadLocal对象，该对象由同一线程中的所有操作共享。 [必选]remove()方法必须由ThreadLocal变量实现，特别是在使用经常重用线程的线程池时。否则，可能会影响后续的业务逻辑，并导致意想不到的问题，如内存泄漏。

Many frameworks use ThreadLocals to maintain some context related to the current thread. For example when the current transaction is stored in a ThreadLocal, you don't need to pass it as a parameter through every method call, in case someone down the stack needs access to it. Web applications might store information about the current request and session in a ThreadLocal, so that the application has easy access to them. With Guice you can use ThreadLocals when implementing custom scopes for the injected objects (Guice's default servlet scopes most probably use them as well).

ThreadLocals are one sort of global variables (although slightly less evil because they are restricted to one thread), so you should be careful when using them to avoid unwanted side-effects and memory leaks. Design your APIs so that the ThreadLocal values will always be automatically cleared when they are not needed anymore and that incorrect use of the API won't be possible (for example like this). ThreadLocals can be used to make the code cleaner, and in some rare cases they are the only way to make something work (my current project had two such cases; they are documented here under "Static Fields and Global Variables").

ThreadLocal是JVM专门提供的功能，仅为线程提供隔离的存储空间。与实例作用域变量的值一样，变量只能绑定到类的给定实例。每个对象都有其唯一的值，它们不能看到彼此的值。ThreadLocal变量的概念也是如此，在对象实例的意义上，它们是线程的本地线程，除了创建它的线程之外，其他线程看不到它。在这里看到的

import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
import java.util.stream.IntStream;


public class ThreadId {
private static final AtomicInteger nextId = new AtomicInteger(1000);

// Thread local variable containing each thread's ID
private static final ThreadLocal<Integer> threadId = ThreadLocal.withInitial(() -> nextId.getAndIncrement());


// Returns the current thread's unique ID, assigning it if necessary
public static int get() {
    return threadId.get();
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

    new Thread(() -> IntStream.range(1, 3).forEach(i -> {
        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " >> " + new ThreadId().get());
    })).start();

    new Thread(() -> IntStream.range(1, 3).forEach(i -> {
        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " >> " + new ThreadId().get());
    })).start();

    new Thread(() -> IntStream.range(1, 3).forEach(i -> {
        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " >> " + new ThreadId().get());
    })).start();

}
}

自Java 8发布以来，有更多的声明性方法来初始化ThreadLocal:

ThreadLocal<String> local = ThreadLocal.withInitial(() -> "init value");

在Java 8发布之前，你必须做以下事情:

ThreadLocal<String> local = new ThreadLocal<String>(){
    @Override
    protected String initialValue() {
        return "init value";
    }
};

此外，如果用于ThreadLocal的类的实例化方法(构造函数，工厂方法)不接受任何参数，您可以简单地使用方法引用(在Java 8中引入):

class NotThreadSafe {
    // no parameters
    public NotThreadSafe(){}
}
    
ThreadLocal<NotThreadSafe> container = ThreadLocal.withInitial(NotThreadSafe::new);

注意: 计算是惰性的，因为你传递的java.util.function.Supplier lambda只在调用ThreadLocal#get但value之前没有计算时才会计算。