我想为Steve Jessop的回答补充一些东西(我不能评论，因为我没有足够的声誉)。但我找到了一些有用的材料。他的回答很有帮助，但他犯了一个错误:桶的大小不应该是2的幂。我引用Thomas Cormen, Charles Leisersen等人写的《算法导论》263页

When using the division method, we usually avoid certain values of m. For example, m should not be a power of 2, since if m = 2^p, then h(k) is just the p lowest-order bits of k. Unless we know that all low-order p-bit patterns are equally likely, we are better off designing the hash function to depend on all the bits of the key. As Exercise 11.3-3 asks you to show, choosing m = 2^p-1 when k is a character string interpreted in radix 2^p may be a poor choice, because permuting the characters of k does not change its hash value.

希望能有所帮助。

我想为Steve Jessop的回答补充一些东西(我不能评论，因为我没有足够的声誉)。但我找到了一些有用的材料。他的回答很有帮助，但他犯了一个错误:桶的大小不应该是2的幂。我引用Thomas Cormen, Charles Leisersen等人写的《算法导论》263页

When using the division method, we usually avoid certain values of m. For example, m should not be a power of 2, since if m = 2^p, then h(k) is just the p lowest-order bits of k. Unless we know that all low-order p-bit patterns are equally likely, we are better off designing the hash function to depend on all the bits of the key. As Exercise 11.3-3 asks you to show, choosing m = 2^p-1 when k is a character string interpreted in radix 2^p may be a poor choice, because permuting the characters of k does not change its hash value.

希望能有所帮助。

我想说，这个链接的第一个答案是我找到的关于这个问题的最清晰的答案。

考虑键K ={0,1，…，100}和一个哈希表，其中桶数为m = 12。因为3是12的因数，所以是3倍数的键将被散列到是3倍数的存储桶中:

键{0,12、24、36…}将被散列到bucket 0。 键{3,15日,27日,39岁,…}将被散列到桶3。 键{42 6日,18日,30日,…}将被散列到桶6。 键{9日,21日,33岁,45岁,…}将被散列到桶9。

如果K是均匀分布的(即K中的每个键出现的可能性都是相等的)，那么m的选择就不是那么关键了。但是，如果K不是均匀分布的呢?想象最有可能出现的键是3的倍数。在这种情况下，所有不是3倍数的桶都很可能是空的(这在哈希表性能方面非常糟糕)。

这种情况比看起来更常见。例如，想象一下，您正在根据对象在内存中的存储位置来跟踪它们。如果您的计算机的字大小是4个字节，那么您将哈希键是4的倍数。不用说，选择m是4的倍数将是一个糟糕的选择:你将有3m/4个桶完全空了，所有的键都在剩下的m/4个桶中碰撞。

一般来说:

K中每一个与桶数m有公因数的键都将被哈希为这个因数的倍数。

因此，为了尽量减少碰撞，减少m和k的元素之间的公因数的数量是很重要的，这是如何实现的呢?通过选择m是一个因数很少的数，一个质数。

来自马里奥的回答。

博士tl;

Index [hash(input)%2]将导致所有可能哈希值的一半和一段值发生冲突。Index [hash(input)%prime]导致所有可能哈希值中的<2的碰撞。将除数固定为表的大小还可以确保数字不能大于表。

http://computinglife.wordpress.com/2008/11/20/why-do-hash-functions-use-prime-numbers/

解释得很清楚，还有图片。

编辑:作为一个总结，使用质数是因为当数值乘以所选质数并将它们全部相加时，获得唯一值的可能性最大。例如，给定一个字符串，将每个字母的值与质数相乘，然后将它们全部相加，就会得到它的哈希值。

一个更好的问题是，为什么是数字31?

只是把从答案中得到的一些想法写下来。

Hashing uses modulus so any value can fit into a given range We want to randomize collisions Randomize collision meaning there are no patterns as how collisions would happen, or, changing a small part in input would result a completely different hash value To randomize collision, avoid using the base (10 in decimal, 16 in hex) as modulus, because 11 % 10 -> 1, 21 % 10 -> 1, 31 % 10 -> 1, it shows a clear pattern of hash value distribution: value with same last digits will collide Avoid using powers of base (10^2, 10^3, 10^n) as modulus because it also creates a pattern: value with same last n digits matters will collide Actually, avoid using any thing that has factors other than itself and 1, because it creates a pattern: multiples of a factor will be hashed into selected values For example, 9 has 3 as factor, thus 3, 6, 9, ...999213 will always be hashed into 0, 3, 6 12 has 3 and 2 as factor, thus 2n will always be hashed into 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 3n will always be hashed into 0, 3, 6, 9 This will be a problem if input is not evenly distributed, e.g. if many values are of 3n, then we only get 1/3 of all possible hash values and collision is high So by using a prime as a modulus, the only pattern is that multiple of the modulus will always hash into 0, otherwise hash values distributions are evenly spread