受Raymond Chen帖子的启发，假设你有一个4x4二维数组，写一个函数使它旋转90度。Raymond链接到伪代码中的解决方案，但我想看到一些真实的东西。
[1][2][3][4]
[5][6][7][8]
[9][0][1][2]
[3][4][5][6]
就变成:
[3][9][5][1]
[4][0][6][2]
[5][1][7][3]
[6][2][8][4]
更新:Nick的答案是最直接的，但是有没有比n²更好的方法呢?如果矩阵是10000x10000呢?
当前回答
当前所有的解决方案都有O(n^2)开销作为临时空间(这不包括那些肮脏的OOP骗子!)这里有一个内存占用为O(1)的解决方案，将矩阵原地右转90度。该死的延展性，这玩意儿跑得很快!
#include <algorithm>
#include <cstddef>
// Rotates an NxN matrix of type T 90 degrees to the right.
template <typename T, size_t N>
void rotate_matrix(T (&matrix)[N][N])
{
for(size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i)
for(size_t j = 0; j <= (N-i); ++j)
std::swap(matrix[i][j], matrix[j][i]);
}
免责声明:我实际上并没有测试这个。让我们玩打虫游戏吧!
其他回答
试试我图书馆的算盘——常见的:
@Test
public void test_42519() throws Exception {
final IntMatrix matrix = IntMatrix.range(0, 16).reshape(4);
N.println("======= original =======================");
matrix.println();
// print out:
// [0, 1, 2, 3]
// [4, 5, 6, 7]
// [8, 9, 10, 11]
// [12, 13, 14, 15]
N.println("======= rotate 90 ======================");
matrix.rotate90().println();
// print out:
// [12, 8, 4, 0]
// [13, 9, 5, 1]
// [14, 10, 6, 2]
// [15, 11, 7, 3]
N.println("======= rotate 180 =====================");
matrix.rotate180().println();
// print out:
// [15, 14, 13, 12]
// [11, 10, 9, 8]
// [7, 6, 5, 4]
// [3, 2, 1, 0]
N.println("======= rotate 270 ======================");
matrix.rotate270().println();
// print out:
// [3, 7, 11, 15]
// [2, 6, 10, 14]
// [1, 5, 9, 13]
// [0, 4, 8, 12]
N.println("======= transpose =======================");
matrix.transpose().println();
// print out:
// [0, 4, 8, 12]
// [1, 5, 9, 13]
// [2, 6, 10, 14]
// [3, 7, 11, 15]
final IntMatrix bigMatrix = IntMatrix.range(0, 10000_0000).reshape(10000);
// It take about 2 seconds to rotate 10000 X 10000 matrix.
Profiler.run(1, 2, 3, "sequential", () -> bigMatrix.rotate90()).printResult();
// Want faster? Go parallel. 1 second to rotate 10000 X 10000 matrix.
final int[][] a = bigMatrix.array();
final int[][] c = new int[a[0].length][a.length];
final int n = a.length;
final int threadNum = 4;
Profiler.run(1, 2, 3, "parallel", () -> {
IntStream.range(0, n).parallel(threadNum).forEach(i -> {
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
c[i][j] = a[n - j - 1][i];
}
});
}).printResult();
}
正如我在上一篇文章中所说的，这里有一些c#代码，可以为任何大小的矩阵实现O(1)矩阵旋转。为了简洁性和可读性，没有错误检查或范围检查。代码:
static void Main (string [] args)
{
int [,]
// create an arbitrary matrix
m = {{0, 1}, {2, 3}, {4, 5}};
Matrix
// create wrappers for the data
m1 = new Matrix (m),
m2 = new Matrix (m),
m3 = new Matrix (m);
// rotate the matricies in various ways - all are O(1)
m1.RotateClockwise90 ();
m2.Rotate180 ();
m3.RotateAnitclockwise90 ();
// output the result of transforms
System.Diagnostics.Trace.WriteLine (m1.ToString ());
System.Diagnostics.Trace.WriteLine (m2.ToString ());
System.Diagnostics.Trace.WriteLine (m3.ToString ());
}
class Matrix
{
enum Rotation
{
None,
Clockwise90,
Clockwise180,
Clockwise270
}
public Matrix (int [,] matrix)
{
m_matrix = matrix;
m_rotation = Rotation.None;
}
// the transformation routines
public void RotateClockwise90 ()
{
m_rotation = (Rotation) (((int) m_rotation + 1) & 3);
}
public void Rotate180 ()
{
m_rotation = (Rotation) (((int) m_rotation + 2) & 3);
}
public void RotateAnitclockwise90 ()
{
m_rotation = (Rotation) (((int) m_rotation + 3) & 3);
}
// accessor property to make class look like a two dimensional array
public int this [int row, int column]
{
get
{
int
value = 0;
switch (m_rotation)
{
case Rotation.None:
value = m_matrix [row, column];
break;
case Rotation.Clockwise90:
value = m_matrix [m_matrix.GetUpperBound (0) - column, row];
break;
case Rotation.Clockwise180:
value = m_matrix [m_matrix.GetUpperBound (0) - row, m_matrix.GetUpperBound (1) - column];
break;
case Rotation.Clockwise270:
value = m_matrix [column, m_matrix.GetUpperBound (1) - row];
break;
}
return value;
}
set
{
switch (m_rotation)
{
case Rotation.None:
m_matrix [row, column] = value;
break;
case Rotation.Clockwise90:
m_matrix [m_matrix.GetUpperBound (0) - column, row] = value;
break;
case Rotation.Clockwise180:
m_matrix [m_matrix.GetUpperBound (0) - row, m_matrix.GetUpperBound (1) - column] = value;
break;
case Rotation.Clockwise270:
m_matrix [column, m_matrix.GetUpperBound (1) - row] = value;
break;
}
}
}
// creates a string with the matrix values
public override string ToString ()
{
int
num_rows = 0,
num_columns = 0;
switch (m_rotation)
{
case Rotation.None:
case Rotation.Clockwise180:
num_rows = m_matrix.GetUpperBound (0);
num_columns = m_matrix.GetUpperBound (1);
break;
case Rotation.Clockwise90:
case Rotation.Clockwise270:
num_rows = m_matrix.GetUpperBound (1);
num_columns = m_matrix.GetUpperBound (0);
break;
}
StringBuilder
output = new StringBuilder ();
output.Append ("{");
for (int row = 0 ; row <= num_rows ; ++row)
{
if (row != 0)
{
output.Append (", ");
}
output.Append ("{");
for (int column = 0 ; column <= num_columns ; ++column)
{
if (column != 0)
{
output.Append (", ");
}
output.Append (this [row, column].ToString ());
}
output.Append ("}");
}
output.Append ("}");
return output.ToString ();
}
int [,]
// the original matrix
m_matrix;
Rotation
// the current view of the matrix
m_rotation;
}
好的，我把手举起来，当旋转时，它实际上不会对原始数组做任何修改。但是，在面向对象系统中，只要对象看起来像是被旋转到类的客户端，这就无关紧要了。目前，Matrix类使用对原始数组数据的引用，因此改变m1的任何值也将改变m2和m3。对构造函数稍加更改，创建一个新数组并将值复制到该数组中，就可以将其整理出来。
public static void rotateMatrix(int[,] matrix)
{
//C#, to rotate an N*N matrix in place
int n = matrix.GetLength(0);
int layers = n / 2;
int temp, temp2;
for (int i = 0; i < layers; i++) // for a 5 * 5 matrix, layers will be 2, since at layer three there would be only one element, (2,2), and we do not need to rotate it with itself
{
int offset = 0;
while (offset < n - 2 * i - 1)
{
// top right <- top left
temp = matrix[i + offset, n - i - 1]; //top right value when offset is zero
matrix[i + offset, n - i - 1] = matrix[i, i + offset];
//bottom right <- top right
temp2 = matrix[n - i - 1, n - i - 1 - offset]; //bottom right value when offset is zero
matrix[n - i - 1, n - i - 1 - offset] = temp;
//bottom left <- bottom right
temp = matrix[n - i - 1 - offset, i];
matrix[n - i - 1 - offset, i] = temp2;
//top left <- bottom left
matrix[i, i + offset] = temp;
offset++;
}
}
}
这是我对矩阵90度旋转的尝试，这是c中的2步解决方案，首先转置矩阵，然后交换cols。
#define ROWS 5
#define COLS 5
void print_matrix_b(int B[][COLS], int rows, int cols)
{
for (int i = 0; i <= rows; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j <=cols; j++) {
printf("%d ", B[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
}
void swap_columns(int B[][COLS], int l, int r, int rows)
{
int tmp;
for (int i = 0; i <= rows; i++) {
tmp = B[i][l];
B[i][l] = B[i][r];
B[i][r] = tmp;
}
}
void matrix_2d_rotation(int B[][COLS], int rows, int cols)
{
int tmp;
// Transpose the matrix first
for (int i = 0; i <= rows; i++) {
for (int j = i; j <=cols; j++) {
tmp = B[i][j];
B[i][j] = B[j][i];
B[j][i] = tmp;
}
}
// Swap the first and last col and continue until
// the middle.
for (int i = 0; i < (cols / 2); i++)
swap_columns(B, i, cols - i, rows);
}
int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{
int B[ROWS][COLS] = {
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5},
{6, 7, 8, 9, 10},
{11, 12, 13, 14, 15},
{16, 17, 18, 19, 20},
{21, 22, 23, 24, 25}
};
matrix_2d_rotation(B, ROWS - 1, COLS - 1);
print_matrix_b(B, ROWS - 1, COLS -1);
return 0;
}
原地旋转不可能比O(n²)更快，原因是如果我们想旋转矩阵，我们必须至少一次触及所有n²元素，无论你实现什么算法。
