我发现更容易做到:

1)创建一个函数，检查一个项目是否在另一个项目的父层次结构中的任何地方。就像这样(我不会写函数，用WHILE DO):

is_related(id, parent_id);

在你的例子中

is_related(21, 19) == 1;
is_related(20, 19) == 1;
is_related(21, 18) == 0;

2)使用子选择，就像这样:

select ...
from table t
join table pt on pt.id in (select i.id from table i where is_related(t.id,i.id));

您可以在其他数据库中使用递归查询(性能上的YMMV)很容易地做到这一点。

另一种方法是存储两个额外的数据位，一个左值和一个右值。左值和右值来自于对所表示的树结构的预序遍历。

这就是所谓的Modified Preorder Tree遍历，允许您运行一个简单的查询来一次性获得所有父值。它也被称为“嵌套集”。

这是一个分类表。

SELECT  id,
        NAME,
        parent_category 
FROM    (SELECT * FROM category
         ORDER BY parent_category, id) products_sorted,
        (SELECT @pv := '2') initialisation
WHERE   FIND_IN_SET(parent_category, @pv) > 0
AND     @pv := CONCAT(@pv, ',', id)

输出:

我向你提出了一个问题。这将给你递归类别与一个单一的查询:

SELECT id,NAME,'' AS subName,'' AS subsubName,'' AS subsubsubName FROM Table1 WHERE prent is NULL
UNION 
SELECT b.id,a.name,b.name AS subName,'' AS subsubName,'' AS subsubsubName FROM Table1 AS a LEFT JOIN Table1 AS b ON b.prent=a.id WHERE a.prent is NULL AND b.name IS NOT NULL 
UNION 
SELECT c.id,a.name,b.name AS subName,c.name AS subsubName,'' AS subsubsubName FROM Table1 AS a LEFT JOIN Table1 AS b ON b.prent=a.id LEFT JOIN Table1 AS c ON c.prent=b.id WHERE a.prent is NULL AND c.name IS NOT NULL 
UNION 
SELECT d.id,a.name,b.name AS subName,c.name AS subsubName,d.name AS subsubsubName FROM Table1 AS a LEFT JOIN Table1 AS b ON b.prent=a.id LEFT JOIN Table1 AS c ON c.prent=b.id LEFT JOIN Table1 AS d ON d.prent=c.id WHERE a.prent is NULL AND d.name IS NOT NULL 
ORDER BY NAME,subName,subsubName,subsubsubName

这是一把小提琴。

如果需要快速读取速度，最好的选择是使用闭包表。闭包表为每个祖先/后代对包含一行。在你的例子中，闭包表是这样的

ancestor | descendant | depth
0        | 0          | 0
0        | 19         | 1
0        | 20         | 2
0        | 21         | 3
0        | 22         | 4
19       | 19         | 0
19       | 20         | 1
19       | 21         | 3
19       | 22         | 4
20       | 20         | 0
20       | 21         | 1
20       | 22         | 2
21       | 21         | 0
21       | 22         | 1
22       | 22         | 0

一旦有了这个表，分层查询就变得非常简单和快速。获取类别20的所有子类:

SELECT cat.* FROM categories_closure AS cl
INNER JOIN categories AS cat ON cat.id = cl.descendant
WHERE cl.ancestor = 20 AND cl.depth > 0

当然，无论何时使用这样的非规格化数据都有一个很大的缺点。您需要在类别表旁边维护闭包表。最好的方法可能是使用触发器，但是正确跟踪闭包表的插入/更新/删除有点复杂。与任何事情一样，您需要查看您的需求，并决定哪种方法最适合您。

编辑:请参阅问题:在关系数据库中存储层次数据的选项是什么?更多选项。不同的情况有不同的最佳解决方案。

试试这些:

表定义:

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS category;
CREATE TABLE category (
    id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
    name VARCHAR(20),
    parent_id INT,
    CONSTRAINT fk_category_parent FOREIGN KEY (parent_id)
    REFERENCES category (id)
) engine=innodb;

实验行:

INSERT INTO category VALUES
(19, 'category1', NULL),
(20, 'category2', 19),
(21, 'category3', 20),
(22, 'category4', 21),
(23, 'categoryA', 19),
(24, 'categoryB', 23),
(25, 'categoryC', 23),
(26, 'categoryD', 24);

存储过程:

DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS getpath;
DELIMITER $$
CREATE PROCEDURE getpath(IN cat_id INT, OUT path TEXT)
BEGIN
    DECLARE catname VARCHAR(20);
    DECLARE temppath TEXT;
    DECLARE tempparent INT;
    SET max_sp_recursion_depth = 255;
    SELECT name, parent_id FROM category WHERE id=cat_id INTO catname, tempparent;
    IF tempparent IS NULL
    THEN
        SET path = catname;
    ELSE
        CALL getpath(tempparent, temppath);
        SET path = CONCAT(temppath, '/', catname);
    END IF;
END$$
DELIMITER ;

存储过程的包装器函数:

DROP FUNCTION IF EXISTS getpath;
DELIMITER $$
CREATE FUNCTION getpath(cat_id INT) RETURNS TEXT DETERMINISTIC
BEGIN
    DECLARE res TEXT;
    CALL getpath(cat_id, res);
    RETURN res;
END$$
DELIMITER ;

选择的例子:

SELECT id, name, getpath(id) AS path FROM category;

输出:

+----+-----------+-----------------------------------------+
| id | name      | path                                    |
+----+-----------+-----------------------------------------+
| 19 | category1 | category1                               |
| 20 | category2 | category1/category2                     |
| 21 | category3 | category1/category2/category3           |
| 22 | category4 | category1/category2/category3/category4 |
| 23 | categoryA | category1/categoryA                     |
| 24 | categoryB | category1/categoryA/categoryB           |
| 25 | categoryC | category1/categoryA/categoryC           |
| 26 | categoryD | category1/categoryA/categoryB/categoryD |
+----+-----------+-----------------------------------------+

过滤指定路径的行:

SELECT id, name, getpath(id) AS path FROM category HAVING path LIKE 'category1/category2%';

输出:

+----+-----------+-----------------------------------------+
| id | name      | path                                    |
+----+-----------+-----------------------------------------+
| 20 | category2 | category1/category2                     |
| 21 | category3 | category1/category2/category3           |
| 22 | category4 | category1/category2/category3/category4 |
+----+-----------+-----------------------------------------+