这个非常简单的Python应用程序创建了一个自签名证书。代码：

from OpenSSL import crypto, SSL
from secrets import randbelow
print("Please know, if you make a mistake, you must restart the program.")
def cert_gen(
    emailAddress=input("Enter Email Address: "),
    commonName=input("Enter Common Name: "),
    countryName=input("Enter Country Name (2 characters): "),
    localityName=input("Enter Locality Name: "),
    stateOrProvinceName=input("Enter State of Province Name: "),
    organizationName=input("Enter Organization Name: "),
    organizationUnitName=input("Enter Organization Unit Name: "),
    serialNumber=randbelow(1000000),
    validityStartInSeconds=0,
    validityEndInSeconds=10*365*24*60*60,
    KEY_FILE = "private.key",
    CERT_FILE="selfsigned.crt"):
    #can look at generated file using openssl:
    #openssl x509 -inform pem -in selfsigned.crt -noout -text
    # create a key pair
    k = crypto.PKey()
    k.generate_key(crypto.TYPE_RSA, 4096)
    # create a self-signed cert
    cert = crypto.X509()
    cert.get_subject().C = countryName
    cert.get_subject().ST = stateOrProvinceName
    cert.get_subject().L = localityName
    cert.get_subject().O = organizationName
    cert.get_subject().OU = organizationUnitName
    cert.get_subject().CN = commonName
    cert.get_subject().emailAddress = emailAddress
    cert.set_serial_number(serialNumber)
    cert.gmtime_adj_notBefore(0)
    cert.gmtime_adj_notAfter(validityEndInSeconds)
    cert.set_issuer(cert.get_subject())
    cert.set_pubkey(k)
    cert.sign(k, 'sha512')
    with open(CERT_FILE, "wt") as f:
        f.write(crypto.dump_certificate(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, cert).decode("utf-8"))
    with open(KEY_FILE, "wt") as f:
        f.write(crypto.dump_privatekey(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, k).decode("utf-8"))
    print("GENERATED")
    input("Press enter to close program.")
cert_gen()

但是，您仍然会收到“证书不受信任”错误。这是因为以下几个原因：

它是自签名/未验证的（验证的证书需要CA（证书颁发机构），如Let's Encrypt，以便在所有设备上都受信任）。您的计算机上不信任它。（此答案显示了如何使Windows信任您的证书）。

现代浏览器现在如果缺少SAN（Subject Alternate Name），则会为格式良好的自签名证书抛出安全错误。OpenSSL没有提供命令行方式来指定这一点，因此许多开发人员的教程和书签突然过时了。

重新运行的最快方法是一个简短的独立conf文件：

创建OpenSSL配置文件（示例：req.cnf）[要求]distinguished_name=请求分类名称x509_extensions=v3_reqprompt=否[请求分配名称]C=我们ST=VAL=SomeCityO=我的公司OU=我的部门CN=www.company.com[v3_req]keyUsage=关键，数字签名，密钥协议extendedKeyUsage=服务器身份验证subjectAltName=@alt_names[备选名称]DNS.1=www.company.comDNS.2=公司网站DNS.3=公司网创建引用此配置文件的证书openssl req-x509-节点-天730-新密钥rsa：2048\-keyout cert.key-out cert.pem-config req.cnf-sha256

来自的配置示例https://support.citrix.com/article/CTX135602

2017年单线版：

CentOS：

openssl req -x509 -nodes -sha256 -newkey rsa:2048 \
-keyout localhost.key -out localhost.crt \
-days 3650 \
-subj "CN=localhost" \
-reqexts SAN -extensions SAN \
-config <(cat /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf <(printf "\n[SAN]\nsubjectAltName=IP:127.0.0.1,DNS:localhost"))

Ubuntu：

openssl req -x509 -nodes -sha256 -newkey rsa:2048 \
-keyout localhost.key -out localhost.crt \
-days 3650 \
-subj "/CN=localhost" \
-reqexts SAN -extensions SAN \
-config <(cat /etc/ssl/openssl.cnf <(printf "\n[SAN]\nsubjectAltName=IP:127.0.0.1,DNS:localhost"))

编辑：为Ubuntu的“subj”选项添加了前缀Slash。

在经历了大量的尝试和各种解决方案之后，我仍然面临这样一个问题：为localhost颁发自签名证书会给我带来错误

错误证书无效

在扩展细节时，chrome表示：

您现在无法访问localhost，因为网站已发送加密凭据。。。

唯一难看的方式是键入（直接在这个屏幕上，没有看到文本的任何光标）：

（在键盘上键入）这是安全的

这让我继续。

直到我找到extendedKeyUsage=serverAuth，clientAuth

TL；博士

openssl genrsa-out localhost.key 2048openssl req-key localhost.key-new-out localhost.csr（单击输入所有内容，然后用localhost或其他FQDN填写通用名称（CN）。将以下内容放入名为v3.ext的文件中（根据需要进行编辑）：

subjectKeyIdentifier   = hash
authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid:always,issuer:always
basicConstraints       = CA:TRUE
keyUsage               = digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyEncipherment, dataEncipherment, keyAgreement, keyCertSign
extendedKeyUsage       = serverAuth, clientAuth
subjectAltName         = DNS:localhost, DNS:localhost.localdomain
issuerAltName          = issuer:copy

openssl x509-req-in localhost.csr-signkey localhost.key-out localhost.pem-days 3650-sha256-extfile v3.ext

瞧！您可以访问网站，展开“高级”，然后单击“转到本地主机（不安全）”。

一个内衬FTW。我喜欢保持简单。为什么不使用一个包含所有所需参数的命令？这就是我喜欢的方式-这将创建一个x509证书及其PEM密钥：

openssl req -x509 \
 -nodes -days 365 -newkey rsa:4096 \
 -keyout self.key.pem \
 -out self-x509.crt \
 -subj "/C=US/ST=WA/L=Seattle/CN=example.com/emailAddress=someEmail@gmail.com"

该命令包含通常为证书详细信息提供的所有答案。通过这种方式，您可以设置参数并运行命令，获取输出，然后喝咖啡。

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这个非常简单的Python应用程序创建了一个自签名证书。代码：

from OpenSSL import crypto, SSL
from secrets import randbelow
print("Please know, if you make a mistake, you must restart the program.")
def cert_gen(
    emailAddress=input("Enter Email Address: "),
    commonName=input("Enter Common Name: "),
    countryName=input("Enter Country Name (2 characters): "),
    localityName=input("Enter Locality Name: "),
    stateOrProvinceName=input("Enter State of Province Name: "),
    organizationName=input("Enter Organization Name: "),
    organizationUnitName=input("Enter Organization Unit Name: "),
    serialNumber=randbelow(1000000),
    validityStartInSeconds=0,
    validityEndInSeconds=10*365*24*60*60,
    KEY_FILE = "private.key",
    CERT_FILE="selfsigned.crt"):
    #can look at generated file using openssl:
    #openssl x509 -inform pem -in selfsigned.crt -noout -text
    # create a key pair
    k = crypto.PKey()
    k.generate_key(crypto.TYPE_RSA, 4096)
    # create a self-signed cert
    cert = crypto.X509()
    cert.get_subject().C = countryName
    cert.get_subject().ST = stateOrProvinceName
    cert.get_subject().L = localityName
    cert.get_subject().O = organizationName
    cert.get_subject().OU = organizationUnitName
    cert.get_subject().CN = commonName
    cert.get_subject().emailAddress = emailAddress
    cert.set_serial_number(serialNumber)
    cert.gmtime_adj_notBefore(0)
    cert.gmtime_adj_notAfter(validityEndInSeconds)
    cert.set_issuer(cert.get_subject())
    cert.set_pubkey(k)
    cert.sign(k, 'sha512')
    with open(CERT_FILE, "wt") as f:
        f.write(crypto.dump_certificate(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, cert).decode("utf-8"))
    with open(KEY_FILE, "wt") as f:
        f.write(crypto.dump_privatekey(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, k).decode("utf-8"))
    print("GENERATED")
    input("Press enter to close program.")
cert_gen()

但是，您仍然会收到“证书不受信任”错误。这是因为以下几个原因：

它是自签名/未验证的（验证的证书需要CA（证书颁发机构），如Let's Encrypt，以便在所有设备上都受信任）。您的计算机上不信任它。（此答案显示了如何使Windows信任您的证书）。