Java中内部类和静态嵌套类的主要区别是什么?设计/实现是否在选择其中一个方面发挥作用?


当前回答

嵌套类的另一个用例,除了已经提到的那些用例之外,是当嵌套类具有只能从外部类访问的方法时。这是可能的,因为外部类可以访问嵌套类的私有构造函数、字段和方法。

在下面的示例中,银行可以发行具有私有构造函数的Bank.CreditCard,并可以使用Bank.credit card的私有setLimit(…)实例方法根据当前银行策略更改信用卡的限额。从任何其他类只能访问Bank.CreditCard的公共方法。

public class Bank {

    // maximum limit as per current bank policy
    // is subject to change
    private int maxLimit = 7000;

    // ------- PUBLIC METHODS ---------

    public CreditCard issueCard(
            final String firstName,
            final String lastName
    ) {
        final String number = this.generateNumber();
        final int expiryDate = this.generateExpiryDate();
        final int CVV = this.generateCVV();
        return new CreditCard(firstName, lastName, number, expiryDate, CVV);
    }


    public boolean setLimit(
            final CreditCard creditCard,
            final int limit
    ) {
        if (limit <= this.maxLimit) {    // check against current bank policy limit
            creditCard.setLimit(limit);  // access private method Bank.CreditCard.setLimit(int)
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }

    // ------- PRIVATE METHODS ---------

    private String generateNumber() {
        return "1234-5678-9101-1123";   // the numbers should be unique for each card
    }


    private int generateExpiryDate() {
        return 202405;                  // date is YYYY=2024, MM=05
    }


    private int generateCVV() {
        return 123;                     // is in real-life less predictable
    }


    // ------- PUBLIC STATIC NESTED CLASS ---------

    public static final class CreditCard {
        private final String firstName;
        private final String lastName;
        private final String number;
        private final int expiryDate;
        private final int CVV;

        private int balance;
        private int limit = 100; // default limit

        // the constructor is final but is accessible from outer class
        private CreditCard(
                final String firstName,
                final String lastName,
                final String number,
                final int expiryDate,
                final int CVV
        ) {
            this.firstName = firstName;
            this.lastName = lastName;
            this.number = number;
            this.expiryDate = expiryDate;
            this.CVV = CVV;
        }

        // ------- PUBLIC METHODS ---------

        public String getFirstName() {
            return this.firstName;
        }

        public String getLastName() {
            return this.lastName;
        }

        public String getNumber() {
            return this.number;
        }

        public int getExpiryDate() {
            return this.expiryDate;
        }

        // returns true if financial transaction is successful
        // otherwise false
        public boolean charge(final int amount) {
            final int newBalance = this.balance - amount;
            if (newBalance < -this.limit) {
                return false;
            }
            this.balance = newBalance;
            return true;
        }

        // ------- PRIVATE METHODS ---------

        private int getCVV() {
            return this.CVV;
        }

        private int getBalance() {
            return this.balance;
        }

        private void setBalance(final int balance) {
            this.balance = balance;
        }

        private int getLimit() {
            return limit;
        }

        private void setLimit(final int limit) {
            this.limit = limit;
        }
    }
}

其他回答

我认为上面的答案都没有向您解释嵌套类和静态嵌套类在应用程序设计方面的真正区别:

概述

嵌套类可以是非静态的或静态的,并且在每种情况下都是在另一个类中定义的类。嵌套类应该只存在于服务于封闭类,如果嵌套类对其他类(不仅仅是封闭类)有用,则应该声明为顶级类。

差别

非静态嵌套类:与包含类的封闭实例隐式关联,这意味着可以调用封闭实例的方法和访问变量。非静态嵌套类的一个常见用法是定义Adapter类。

静态嵌套类:无法访问封闭类实例并在其上调用方法,因此当嵌套类不需要访问封闭类的实例时应使用。静态嵌套类的一个常见用法是实现外部对象的组件。

结论

所以从设计角度来看,两者之间的主要区别是:非静态嵌套类可以访问容器类的实例,而静态类不能。

从Java教程:

嵌套类分为两类:静态类和非静态类。声明为静态的嵌套类简单地称为静态嵌套类。非静态嵌套类称为内部类。

使用封闭类名访问静态嵌套类:

OuterClass.StaticNestedClass

例如,要为静态嵌套类创建对象,请使用以下语法:

OuterClass.StaticNestedClass nestedObject = new OuterClass.StaticNestedClass();

作为内部类实例的对象存在于外部类的实例中。考虑以下类别:

class OuterClass {
    ...
    class InnerClass {
        ...
    }
}

InnerClass实例只能存在于OuterClass实例中,并且可以直接访问其封闭实例的方法和字段。

要实例化内部类,必须首先实例化外部类。然后,使用以下语法在外部对象中创建内部对象:

OuterClass outerObject = new OuterClass()
OuterClass.InnerClass innerObject = outerObject.new InnerClass();

请参见:Java教程-嵌套类

为了完整性,请注意还有这样一种东西,即没有封闭实例的内部类:

class A {
  int t() { return 1; }
  static A a =  new A() { int t() { return 2; } };
}

这里,new A(){…}是在静态上下文中定义的内部类,没有封闭实例。

嵌套类的另一个用例,除了已经提到的那些用例之外,是当嵌套类具有只能从外部类访问的方法时。这是可能的,因为外部类可以访问嵌套类的私有构造函数、字段和方法。

在下面的示例中,银行可以发行具有私有构造函数的Bank.CreditCard,并可以使用Bank.credit card的私有setLimit(…)实例方法根据当前银行策略更改信用卡的限额。从任何其他类只能访问Bank.CreditCard的公共方法。

public class Bank {

    // maximum limit as per current bank policy
    // is subject to change
    private int maxLimit = 7000;

    // ------- PUBLIC METHODS ---------

    public CreditCard issueCard(
            final String firstName,
            final String lastName
    ) {
        final String number = this.generateNumber();
        final int expiryDate = this.generateExpiryDate();
        final int CVV = this.generateCVV();
        return new CreditCard(firstName, lastName, number, expiryDate, CVV);
    }


    public boolean setLimit(
            final CreditCard creditCard,
            final int limit
    ) {
        if (limit <= this.maxLimit) {    // check against current bank policy limit
            creditCard.setLimit(limit);  // access private method Bank.CreditCard.setLimit(int)
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }

    // ------- PRIVATE METHODS ---------

    private String generateNumber() {
        return "1234-5678-9101-1123";   // the numbers should be unique for each card
    }


    private int generateExpiryDate() {
        return 202405;                  // date is YYYY=2024, MM=05
    }


    private int generateCVV() {
        return 123;                     // is in real-life less predictable
    }


    // ------- PUBLIC STATIC NESTED CLASS ---------

    public static final class CreditCard {
        private final String firstName;
        private final String lastName;
        private final String number;
        private final int expiryDate;
        private final int CVV;

        private int balance;
        private int limit = 100; // default limit

        // the constructor is final but is accessible from outer class
        private CreditCard(
                final String firstName,
                final String lastName,
                final String number,
                final int expiryDate,
                final int CVV
        ) {
            this.firstName = firstName;
            this.lastName = lastName;
            this.number = number;
            this.expiryDate = expiryDate;
            this.CVV = CVV;
        }

        // ------- PUBLIC METHODS ---------

        public String getFirstName() {
            return this.firstName;
        }

        public String getLastName() {
            return this.lastName;
        }

        public String getNumber() {
            return this.number;
        }

        public int getExpiryDate() {
            return this.expiryDate;
        }

        // returns true if financial transaction is successful
        // otherwise false
        public boolean charge(final int amount) {
            final int newBalance = this.balance - amount;
            if (newBalance < -this.limit) {
                return false;
            }
            this.balance = newBalance;
            return true;
        }

        // ------- PRIVATE METHODS ---------

        private int getCVV() {
            return this.CVV;
        }

        private int getBalance() {
            return this.balance;
        }

        private void setBalance(final int balance) {
            this.balance = balance;
        }

        private int getLimit() {
            return limit;
        }

        private void setLimit(final int limit) {
            this.limit = limit;
        }
    }
}

以下是静态嵌套类和内部类的示例:

外部类.java

public class OuterClass {
     private String someVariable = "Non Static";

     private static String anotherStaticVariable = "Static";  

     OuterClass(){

     }

     //Nested classes are static
     static class StaticNestedClass{
        private static String privateStaticNestedClassVariable = "Private Static Nested Class Variable"; 

        //can access private variables declared in the outer class
        public static void getPrivateVariableofOuterClass(){
            System.out.println(anotherStaticVariable);
        }
     }

     //non static
     class InnerClass{

         //can access private variables of outer class
         public String getPrivateNonStaticVariableOfOuterClass(){
             return someVariable;
         }
     }

     public static void accessStaticClass(){
         //can access any variable declared inside the Static Nested Class 
         //even if it private
         String var = OuterClass.StaticNestedClass.privateStaticNestedClassVariable; 
         System.out.println(var);
     }

}

外部类别测试:

public class OuterClassTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        //access the Static Nested Class
        OuterClass.StaticNestedClass.getPrivateVariableofOuterClass();

        //test the private variable declared inside the static nested class
        OuterClass.accessStaticClass();
        /*
         * Inner Class Test
         * */

        //Declaration

        //first instantiate the outer class
        OuterClass outerClass = new OuterClass();

        //then instantiate the inner class
        OuterClass.InnerClass innerClassExample =  outerClass. new InnerClass();

        //test the non static private variable
        System.out.println(innerClassExample.getPrivateNonStaticVariableOfOuterClass()); 

    }

}

静态嵌套类访问在其中定义的类的PRIVATE类级静态变量。从体系结构的角度来看,这可能是巨大的(即服务定位器模式在服务中使用嵌套的静态助手类),并可能帮助OP了解它们与内部类一起存在的原因。